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HomeMy WebLinkAbout2015-1005 Documents Submitted at Mtg lU ~ cc Report To Ashland City Council on dangers of Roundup/glyphosate and 2, 4-D by Ross Pelton pharmacist/nutritional biochemist/health educator 10/5/2015 1 strongly encourage the Ashland City Council to pass the Resolution proposed by the Advocates for Healthy Landscapes encouraging our citizens to discontinue use of the highly toxic herbicides glyphosate, better known as Roundup and 2, 4-D. In March 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), which is the specialized cancer agency of the WHO issues a report stating that these agents are Probable Carcinogens. The report was published online in The Lancet Oncology journal. 1) Roundup/Glyphosate: Glyphosate is the most widely used weedkiller (herbicide) in the world. Most Americans are unknowingly ingesting glyphosate every day...!!! In addition to agricultural use, Roundup is the most commonly used weedkiller on lawns and gardens throughout the United States. It is important to realize that glyphosate is seldom used alone. Products like Roundup contain adjuvant ingredients which enhance the effect of the primary ingredient. These additional compounds are also frequently listed as "inert ingredients." The primary adjuvant ingredient in Roundup is chemical called POEA which is a surfactant that increases glyphosate's penetration into plant tissues and makes Roundup approximately 125X more toxic than glyphosate. a) A study conducted by the US Geological Survey (USGS) collected water samples in 38 states. Glyphosate was found in the majority of rivers, streams, ditches and wastewater treatment plants and glyphosate was also found in 70% of rainfall samples.(1) b) A new study conducted by the USGS reported that glyphosate was detected in 86% of air samples and 77% of rain samples. (2) c) Studies on human cells showed toxicity and hormone disruption at sub agricultural levels with effects within 24 hours caused by concentrations as low as 0.5 parts per million. And DNA damage at 5 parts per million. (3) d) PubMed has 16 studies on glyphosate and cancer e) Glyphosate found in breast milk of many American women (4) f) Chronic low-level exposure (in rats)-at levels thousands of times lower than what is permitted in U.S. drinking water-cause serious damage to liver and kidneys. (5) g) Long-term low-level exposure in animals: glyphosate is carcinogenic, mutagenic and causes serious reproductive problems in mothers, fathers and offspring. (6) h) From 1990-2015, use of glyphosate has increased by a factor of 250X. Exponential increase in Round up/glyphosate parallels increase in incidence of autism, anxiety, cancers. (7) 2) 29 4-13: Pesticide in many lawn & garden pesticide products a) July 2015, World Health Organization's (WHO) International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) listed the pesticide 2,4-D as a "213-possible" carcinogen. b) 2, 4-D linked to reproductive abnormalities, Parkinson's disease & several form of cancer. c) 2, 4-D is one of the ingredients in the highly toxic Agent Orange In April 2014 DOW Chemical requested that the EPA approve a new herbicide named Enlist Duo (combination of 2, 4-D and glyphosate). The Environmental Working Group (EWG) submitted a formal letter to the EPA stating the following: "We strongly object to the EPA proposal on grounds that EPA has failed to conduct a thorough risk assessment for 2,4-D and has disregarded the data pointing to the risks from expansion of 2,4-D use." (10) References Widely Used Herbicide Commonly Found in Rain and Streams in the Mississippi River Basin (Released: 8/29/2011). U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey (4) Michael S Majewski, Richard H Coupe, William T Foreman, Paul D Capel. Pesticides in Mississippi air and rain: A comparison between 1995 and 2007. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2014 Feb 19. (5) Gasnier C, et al., Glyphosate-based herbicides are toxic and endocrine disruptors in human cell lines. Toxicology 2009 Aug 21;s6s(3):184-91. (6) http://www.momsacrossamerica.com/glyphosate testing results (7) Seralini G, et al., Republished study: long-term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize. Environmental Sciences Europe 2014,26:14. (8) Cox, Caroline, Glyphosate, Part 1: Toxicology. Journal of Pesticide Reform, Volume 15, Number 3, Fall 1995. Northwest Coalition for Alternatives to Pesticides. (9) Samsel A, Seneff S., Glyphosate, pathways to modern diseases II: Celiac sprue and gluten intolerance. Interdisciplinary Toxicology 2013 Dec;6(4):159-184. (10) http://www.ewg.org/testimony-official-correspondence/epa-s-risk-assessment-too-flawed- proceed For More Information, Contact Ross Pelton at: ross@naturalpharmacist.net WEB site & free Nutrition News e-Newsletter at: www.naturalpharmacist.net Report on Roundup/glyphosate Glyphosate is the most widely used weedkiller (herbicide) in the world. Most Americans are unknowingly ingesting Roundup/glyphosate every day...!!! How glyphosate works: Glyphosate blocks a biochemical reaction that is required for the synthesis of the amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan. This reaction is not found in humans or animals, it only occurs in plants and microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, parasites and algae. These essential amino acids are required for growth. When plants and/or microorganisms cannot produce these amino acids, they die. Because the Shikimate Pathway does not occur in humans, Monsanto claims that Roundup/glyphosate is not harmful to humans. Health Problems Associated with Roundup/glyphosate 1. Glyphosate strongly chelates (binds) minerals in the soil, including copper, iron, nickel, magnesium, manganese, cobalt and zinc which prevents these minerals from being absorbed. This harms the plants and decreases the nutrient content of the foods. 2. Glyphosate depletes minerals. When humans ingest food with glyphosate residues, it binds minerals in the intestinal tract and prevents them from being absorbed. 3. Glyphosate kills soil bacteria. Glyphosate has been severely disrupting our planet's agricultural microbiome for decades. In addition to killing weeds, glyphosate kills soil bacteria. Soil bacteria are intimately involved in the uptake of nutrients into plants just as probiotic bacteria in the human GI tract regulate digestion and absorption of nutrients. 4. Glyphosate Disrupts Your Microbiome: Glyphosate preferentially kills your friendly bacteria which enables yeasts and other pathogenic bacteria to proliferate in the GI tract. 5. Nutrient depletions: Probiotic bacteria produce B-vitamins, vitamin K and several essential amino acids. When glyphosate kills your beneficial bacteria, it causes nutrient depletions. 6. Glyphosate inhibits detoxification: Glyphosate blocks the activity of cytochrome P450 liver detoxification enzymes which causes increased body burden of a wide range of toxins. These enzymes are also required for the biosynthesis of vitamin D, cholesterol, sex hormones and bile productions 7. Probable Carcinogen: In May 2015, the World Health Organization (WHO) released a report listing glyphosate as a "Probable Carcinogen." 8. Roundup is Far More Toxic Than Glyphosate: Roundup contains the surfactant POEA which allows much greater penetration of glyphosate into plant tissues, making the plant or food much more toxic. 9. U.S. Roundup ready GMO crops: Soy, Canola, Cotton & Alfalfa 90%, Corn 85%, Sugar Beets 95%. (Wheat is non-GMO, but is sprayed with Roundup to make harvesting easier. For More Information, Contact Ross Pelton at: ross@naturaWbarmacist.net WEB site & free Nutrition News e-Newsletter at: www.naturalDharmEicist.net Estimated Agricultural Use for Glyphosate, 1992 i Estimated use on agricultural land, in pounds per square mile d . X452 .r It 70 J452-21.12 211?,-8806 ®-8806 No estimated use Estimated Agricultural Use for Glyphosate, 2012 tie's 21 Estimated use on ~ .q agricultural land, in r square mile pound pe52 452-2112 21.13 88.06 M, 88 06 No estimated use Anthony Samsel, Stephanie Seneff. Glyphosate, pathways to modern diseases II: Celiac sprue and gluten intolerance. Interdisciplinary Toxicology 2013 Dec;6(4):159-184. C", S Healthy & Safe Toxic-free Weed Management in Southern Oregon Cara Cruickshank, EcoSolutions You can manage weeds so they don't become an overwhelming problem, but this includes tolerating a few weeds in your landscape as part of the ecosystem. Learn what your weeds mean - they often indicate what kind of soil conditions you have. Handling serious weed problems requires time, patience, and some effort, so here are a few tips to help your landscape be healthy, hardy, and natural. Turf Grass Weeds • Topdress turf with an inch of compost to feed grass roots real food instead of industrial products laced with toxic chemicals (i.e., "weed & feed" type products). Compost increases soil depth and produces a beautiful and healthy lawn all year round, without dangerous herbicides. • Aerate once a year using aerators that penetrate 2.5 - 3 inches to loosen packed soil and allow water to penetrate deeper into the grass roots. • Feed in Spring & Fall if heavier nutrients are needed, using organic, slow release fertilizers that only release nitrogen as fast as the grass can absorb it. Synthetic, high nitrogen "greening" fertilizers release nutrients too quickly which can burn grass, while the excess runoff pollutes our waterways. Use organic fertilizer with an optimal N-P-K ration of only 8-4-5. Apply 12.5 pounds per 1,000 square feet of turf. The best times to feed your grass is March thru April and September thru October. • Over-seed in the Fall or Spring to crowd out those unwanted weeds. Use a hearty drought tolerant mix of blue rye and creeping red fescue. Tall fescue has a deeper root system and a wide blade that can handle more foot traffic, while blue rye is rhizomatous and will fill in the voids. • Water only 1 inch per week at night or early in the morning to minimize evaporation and to maximize the time water needs to soak into roots. Overwatering encourages weed growth, and creates shallow root growth, which creates weaker, thirstier grass plants. • Mow high & regularly to prevent weeds from going to seed. Grass is healthier, more attractive, and out-competes weeds better when less is cut. The exception is sports fields, where tripping is a concern. Mulching mowers that leave grass clippings on lawns create free fertilizer and helps keep weeds down. • Manual removal of weeds by the root, or at least cut below the soil line, is the most effective method. Try weeding tools like a hori hori, long-handled weed pullers, hoes, and weed wrenches. Better than the gym! • Appreciate or tolerate a bio-diverse lawn with a few weeds - especially chickweed, English daisy, and low-growing White Dutch clover, which helps grass by fixing nitrogen in the soil. As long as they aren't taking over a lawn, these species add beauty and lushness to grass, and also feed pollinators. Golf course putting greens might require a grass monoculture, but healthy lawns do not; anything you can mow to a height of 3 inches should be considered part of a healthy, biodiverse lawn! Concrete, Gravel Driveways & Walkways • Weed cloth barriers- Before installing gravel for a new driveway or walkway, lay this first and fix it to the to suppress weeds for several years. • Propane weed burners, steam weeders, and infrared torches are very effective at burning out weeds right down to the root! Expect to burn some weeds 2-3, and use only in winter and spring, not during fire season. (Guys especially love this handy and effective weeding tool) • Manual removal from the roots is still the most effective and safest method. Try weeding tools like a hori hori, long-handled weed pullers, hoes, and weed wrenches. Pouring boiling water on them makes pulling much easier, and is the cheapest herbicide by far! • Use baking soda - drop handfuls of baking soda over the tops of weeds. Flower Gardens and Food Crops • Pre-plant irrigation / weeding is the best prevention- build a healthy soil bed and irrigate daily for 2 weeks prior to planting. This will germinate weed seeds, which can then be easily removed prior to planting flowers or food crops. This time investment really does reduce work for the growing season. • Sheet mulching- smother the weedy area with large sheets of overlapping cardboard, then cover with 3 inches of compost and/or mulch. • Mulching with bark, wood chips, straw or compost suppresses weeds, covers the soil, helps beds hold water, and also looks great! • Dense plantings of your favorites leaves less room for pesky weeds. • Targeted watering with soaker hoses prevents excessive weed growth and conserves water too. • Spot spray with a natural herbicide (see below) • Manual removal is easier in soil that's full of compost. Try weeding tools like a hori hori, long handled-weed pullers, hoes, and weed wrenches. (or hire young people that need the work!) • Add fertility to your garden by cutting weeds with long taproots, such as dandelions and dock, below the soil line, leaving the roots to decompose. These weeds actually provide nutrients to your soil. Natural Herbicides The most environmentally friendly way to get rid of weeds is to digging out the roots or pulling them out. However, that takes time, so for a quicker way to effectively get rid of weeds, try one of these natural herbicides. Warning: Just because these are 'natural' or homemade herbicides, doesn't mean that they're totally safe for your soil, your garden, or yourself! They can have negative effects in the soil if applied in large quantities, and they may cause human injuries if they are misused. Only apply to the plants you wish to get rid of, because they can also kill your flowers or food crops! • Corn Gluten applied to lawns or around a newly installed plant in the Spring is a natural pre-emergent weed killer that can work well on several perennial weeds. • Horticultural Vinegar and Burn Out (citrus and clove oils) both work well to spot spray weeds, but they can acidify the soil. White vinegar is about 5% acetic acid, which is usually strong enough for most weeds, but an industrial strength version of 20% acetic acid is available in many garden supply stores. Spray this at full strength onto weeds, being careful to minimize any overspray on garden plants and nearby soil. A sprinkle of lime on those spots will restore a healthy PH balance afterwards. • Homemade herbicides- Mix in a hand pump sprayer, and use only on dry days. Spray only weeds: straight vinegar, or 1 cup dish soap + 1 cup ammonia + 4 tbsp. instant tea. Or try a mix of vinegar and citrus oils, or vinegar, salt, and dish soap. • Sodium chloride, or common table salt, is an effective herbicide. Salt can have a detrimental effect in the soil, so only apply it directly to the leaves of weeds and don't soak the soil, especially in garden beds with other, more desirable, plants. Dissolve 1 part salt in 3-8 parts hot water, add a small amount of liquid dish soap to help it adhere to the leaf surfaces, and apply with a spray bottle. • Pour boiling water on a weed and wait a few minutes - works to loosen roots for easy pulling. • Homemade herbicides- Mix in a hand pump sprayer, and use only on dry days. Spray only weeds: Straight vinegar, or 1 cup dish soap + 1 cup ammonia + Citrus and clove oils. Spray on the base of the plant, preferably on a hot, sunny day. Or, fuse just baking soda - moisten the weeds with water, then sprinkle baking soda on top of the foliage of the entire weed, not just the center. This method works well if weeds are growing near desirable plants and grass. An ATTITUDE ADJUSTMENT is the most important part of healthy weed management! Tolerate some weeds that are part of the ecosystem, appreciate the ones that can be medicinal, and keep some that feed our troubled pollinators, who are being decimated from pesticide exposure. Many weeds provide food and habitat for bees and other beneficial insects, while some bring up nutrients from the ground. For instance, dandelion and burdock ha lie heui`h b?; rG`its, I:,hile cover bn: ras beneficial nitrogen to the soh. Dangers of Glyphosate/Roundup • CDC now states glyphosate is a "suspected carcinogen" • Dysbiosis: Acts as an antibiotic, by disrupting the shikimate pathway. Kills good lactobaccilus and allows other harmful flora like Candida and E. coli to grow in the digestive tract. This leads to problems such as irritable bowel syndrome and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Dysbiotic flora (unhealthy flora) in the digestive tract is also linked to obesity and chronic recurrent urinary tract infections. Candida in the digestive tract is linked to an increased risk of allergies, asthma, and autoimmunity. Endotoxemia (toxins produced by the bad flora in the gut that are absorbed into the body) poisons the mitochondria (engine of the cells) leading to symptoms like Fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue, and chemical sensitivities. We also rely on the gut bacteria's shikimate pathway for the production of tryptophan, phenylalanine and tyrosine which are important for neurotransmitter function. Dysfunction leads to more anxiety, depression and OCD. • Xenoestrogen: Glyphosate is known to bind onto estrogen receptors in the body and stimulate them. This has been seen with an increase in mammary tumors and testicular hypofunction. It is also linked to infertility issues. It has been linked to pituitary dysfunction (the pituitary is the master endocrine gland that controls thyroid, adrenal and ovarian/testicular hormone production). A study was published in the Food and Chemical Toxicoloy journal in Sept 2013 showing that Glyphosate induces human breast cancer cells to grow. They found that even at low levels of concentration glyphosate possesses estrogenic activity. Seralini showed a 35% decrease in testosterone secretion with very low dose glyphosate exposure (1ppm). A study by Cassault- Meyer, et al showed even acute exposures to glyphosate increases aromatase activity by 50% which converts testosterone to estrogen and alters sperm production. This not only plays a role in decreased fertility but in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). • Detoxification Pathway Interference: Glyphosate has been linked to dysfunctions in the sulfation pathway, and impair the CYP enzymes interfering with detoxification not only of glyphosate itself but other chemicals and our own endogenous hormones. This allows these chemicals to build-up in the body causing more problems with our hormonal pathways which is linked to fibroids, endometriosis, PCOS, to name a few. As an example, CYP71 is a cytochrome P450 enzyme decreased by glyphosate that is responsible for detoxification from xenobiotics such as benzene and organophosphates. There is also a link between autism, ALS and autism, and an impaired sulfation pathway. Sulfation pathway dysfunction leads to impaired neurotransmitter metabolism increasing the likelihood of anxiety, depression, bipolar and schizophrenia. The Seralini study found more liver necrosis (cell death) and kidney dysfunction in rats treated with glyphosate. Impairment of the detoxification pathways are linked to many chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. • Please contact me if you would like more information on this subject: Kristen Plunkett, ND Naturopathic Medical Clinic 1200 NE 7t" St Grants Pass, OR 97526 (541)476-2916 Dr.plunkett@outlook.com Curr Microbiol (2012) 64:486-491 DOI 10.1007/s00284-012-0098-3 Effects of Roundup® and Glyphosate on Three Food Microorganisms: Geotrichum candidum, Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus Emilie Clair • Laura Linn • Carine Travert Caroline Amiel • Gilles-Eric Seralini Jean-Michel Panoff Received: 25 January 2012/Accepted: 2 February 2012/Published online: 24 February 2012 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012 Abstract Use of many pesticide products poses the agriculture. Interestingly, glyphosate at these levels has no problem of their effects on environment and health. significant effect on the three studied microorganisms. Our Amongst them, the effects of glyphosate with its adjuvants work is consistent with previous studies which demon- and its by-products are regularly discussed. The aim of the strated that the toxic effect of glyphosate was amplified by present study was to shed light on the real impact on bio- its formulation adjuvants on different human cells and diversity and ecosystems of Roundup®, a major herbicide other eukaryotic models. Moreover, these results should be used worldwide, and the glyphosate it contains, by the considered in the understanding of the loss of microbi- study of their effects on growth and viability of microbial odiversity and microbial concentration observed in raw models, namely, on three food microorganisms (Geotri- milk for many years. chum candidum, Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus) widely used as starters in traditional and industrial dairy technologies. Introduction The presented results evidence that Roundup° has an inhibitory effect on microbial growth and a microbicide Any modification of the environment which leads to a effect at lower concentrations than those recommended in response by living organisms may be considered as a stress [1]. Stresses affecting biological functions are classified according to two categories: (i) abiotic including physical E. Clair - C. Travert - G.-E. Seralini and chemical stresses, and (ii) biotic. Furthermore, the OERECA Laboratory, EA2608, IFR 146 ICORE, Institute of stress response in biology, actually considered as a global Biology, Universite de Caen Basse-Normandie, Esplanade de la phenomenon, can be extended to anthropogenic pressure Paix, 14032 Caen Cedex, France such as genetic engineering or xenobiotics (including E. Clair • C. Amiel • G.-E. Seralini • J.-M. Panoff Roundup) pollution [2]. Risk Pole, MRSH-CNRS, Universit6 de Caen Basse-Normandie, The necessity for better control of food microorganisms, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen Cedex, France which are widely used in traditional and industrial dairy technologies, requires knowledge concerning their E. Clair ~ C. Amiel ~ G.-E. Seralini ~ J.-M. Panoff CRIIGEN, 40 rue Monceau, 75008 Paris, France response to numerous stresses [3]. Amongst the high number of food microorganisms found in raw or fermented L. Linn - J.-M. Panoff (Y4) milk [4], some of them, such as Lactobacillus delbrueckii UR ABTE (EA4651) IFR 146 ICORE, Institute of Biology, subsp. bulgaricus (L. bulgaricus), Lactococcus lactis Universite de Caen Basse-Normandie (Campus 1) Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen Cedex, France subsp. cremoris (L. cremoris) and Geotrichum candidum e-mail: jean-michel.panoff@unicaen.fr (G. candidum) have been deeply studied at the stress response level [5, 6], but, to our knowledge, not when the C. Amiel UR ABTE (EA4651) IFR 146ICORE, LU.T./UFR des Sciences, stress is induced by herbicide exposures. Universit6 de Caen Basse-Normandie (Campus 2) Boulevard du The lactic acid L. bulgaricus is a starter lactic acid Mar6chal Juin, 14032 CAEN Cedex, France bacteria (LAB) that is commonly used in fermented food Springer Toxicology in Vitro 26 (2012) 269-279 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Toxtlagy in rtro ' " Toxicology in Vitro journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/toxinvit - A glyphosate-based herbicide induces necrosis and apoptosis in mature rat testicular cells in vitro, and testosterone decrease at lower levels Emilie Clair a.b, Robin Mesnage a,b, Carine Travert a, Gilles-Eric Seralini a,b,* Universite de Caen Basse-Normandie, EA2608, Institute of Biology, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen Cedex, France Universite de Caen Basse-Normandie, Risk Pole MRSH-CNRS, and CRIIGEN, 40 rue de Monceau, 75008 Paris, France ARTICLE IN ED A B S T R A C T Article history: The major herbicide used worldwide, Roundup, is a glyphosate -based pesticide with adjuvants. Glyphos- Received 23 June 2011 ate, its active ingredient in plants and its main metabolite (AMPA) are among the first contaminants of Accepted 9 December 2011 surface waters. Roundup is being used increasingly in particular on genetically modified plants grown Available online 19 December 2011 for food and feed that contain its residues. Here we tested glyphosate and its formulation on mature - rat fresh testicular cells from 1 to 10000 pprn, thus from the range in some human urine and in environ- Keywords: ment to agricultural levels. We show that from 1 to 48 h of Roundup exposure Leydig cells are damaged. Roundup Within 24-48 h this formulation is also toxic on the other cells, mainly by necrosis, by contrast to gly- G ate phonate alone which is essentially toxic on Sertoli cells. Later, it also induces apoptosis at higher doses Testicular cells Cytotoxicity in germ cells and in SertoliJgerm cells co-cultures. At lower non toxic concentrations of Roundup and gly- Endocrine disruption phosate (1 ppm), the main endocrine disruption is a testosterone decrease by 35%. The pesticide has thus an endocrine impact at very low environmental doses, but only a high contamination appears to provoke an acute rat testicular toxicity. This does not anticipate the chronic toxicity which is insufficiently tested, and only with glyphosate in regulatory tests. o 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction with levels reaching for instance 24 ppb for G in groundwater (IFEN, 2007). Moreover, these residues also concentrate in approximately An environmentally-linked syndrome called testicular dysgene- 80% genetically modified plants grown for food and feed, which are sis has emerged (Bay et A., 2006; Skakkebaek et al., 2001). It in- rendered R tolerant, up to 400 ppm (maximal residual levels, U.S. cludes a decrease in sperm quantity and quality (Auger et al., EPA, 1998). We tested here R from 1 ppm to agricultural working 1995; Carlsen et al., 1992), an increase in congenital malformations dilutions on rat testicular cells. such as cryptorchidism and hypospadias (Toppari et al., 2010), and It is known that G is a weed killer inhibiting the shikimic acid a preoccupying increase of testicular cancer incidence (Bergstrom pathway in plants, essential for aromatic amino acids synthesis, et al., 1996). This indicates that the testis is a sensitive target for and it penetrates and is stabilized in the cells with the help of xenobiotics. The food/water/air intake of xenobiotics in the young the adjuvants (Cox, 1998, 2004). R used in our study contains as well as in adults may lead to endocrine disruption at a reproduc- 360 g/I of G and various xenobiotics added as adjuvants. Therefore tive and more specifically testicular level (Airway et al., 2006; R is a good model to study in vitro combined effects, and especially Savitz et al., 1997). In vitro, ex vivo and in vivo experiments are nec- synergistic ones for xenobiotics (Benachour et al., 2007a; Richard essary approaches to help us understand the mechanisms of xeno- et al., 2005). In fact, G and/or R can also induce mortality in human biotics actions at a developmental and/or adult stage. cells, revealed by disruptions of mitochondrial succinate dehydro- In this work, we have chosen to test one of the most used pesti- genase, caspases 3/7, and adenylate kinase (Benachour and Serahn- cides round the world. Roundup (R) formulations are non selective i, 2009). R is even responsible for oxidative damage in human herbicides composed of mixtures of glyphosate (G) and adjuvants epidermal cells (Gehin et al., 2005). G and/or R also have side tar- such as polyoxyethylene tallowamine (POEA) (Benachour et al., gets in mammals such as cytochrome P450 reductase, StAR, aroma- 2007b). These compounds, with the G metabolite aminomethyl- tase and sexual steroid receptors of cells involved in reproduction phosphonic acid (AMPA), are major contaminants in surface waters or in transfected human cells (Gassier et al., 2009; Richard et al., 2005; Stocco et al., 1995; Walsh et al., 2000). In mammals, and rats in particular, the respiratory and hepatic * Corresponding author at: Universite de Caen Basse-Normandie, EA2608, systems (Adam et aL, 1997; Beuret et al., 2005) can be altered by Institute of Biology. Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen Cedex, France. Tel.: +33 (0) this herbicide, as Well as hepatObi hdry and reproductive functions 2 31 56 54 89; fax: +33 (0) 2 31 56 53 20. E-mail address: criigen@unicaen.fr (G-E. Seralini). including sperm production or libido, and even fetal development 0887-2333/$ - see front matter 60 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016 Ji.tiv.201 1.12.009 Food and Chemical Toxicology 50 (2012) 4221-4231 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Food H"d Chemical Toxicology Food and Chemical Toxicology = journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/foodchemtox Long term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize Gilles-Eric Seralini a,*, Emilie Clair a, Robin Mesnage a, Steeve Gress a, Nicolas Defarge a, Manuela Malatesta b, Didier Hennequin Joel Spiroux de Vendomois a a University of Caen, Institute of Biology, CRIIGEN and Risk Pole, MRSH-CNRS, EA 2608, Esplanade de la Paix, Caen Cedex 14032, France b University of Verona, Department of Neurological, Neuropsychological, Morphological and Motor Sciences, Verona 37134, Italy `University of Caen, UR ABTE, EA 4651, Bd Marechal Juin, Caen Cedex 14032, France A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: The health effects of a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize (from 11% in the diet), cultivated Received 11 April 2012 with or without Roundup, and Roundup alone (from 0.1 ppb in water), were studied 2 years in rats. In Accepted 2 August 2012 females, all treated groups died 2-3 times more than controls, and more rapidly. This difference was vis- Available online 19 September 2012 ible in 3 male groups fed GMOs. All results were hormone and sex dependent, and the pathological pro- files were comparable. Females developed large mammary tumors almost always more often than and Keywords: before controls, the pituitary was the second most disabled organ; the sex hormonal balance was mod- GMO ified by GMO and Roundup treatments. In treated males, liver congestions and necrosis were 2.5-5.5 Roundup NK603 times higher. This pathology was confirmed by optic and transmission electron microscopy. Marked Rat and severe kidney nephropathies were also generally 1.3-2.3 greater. Males presented 4 times more large Glyphosate-based herbicides palpable tumors than controls which occurred up to 600 days earlier. Biochemistry data confirmed very Endocrine disrupting effects significant kidney chronic deficiencies; for all treatments and both sexes, 76% of the altered parameters were kidney related. These results can be explained by the non linear endocrine-disrupting effects of Roundup, but also by the overexpression of the transgene in the GMO and its metabolic consequences. C~ 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction tide tolerant (to Roundup (R) in 80% of cases), or engineered to produce a modified Bt toxin insecticide, or both. As a result these There is an ongoing international debate as to the necessary GM crops contain new pesticide residues for which new maximal length of mammalian toxicity studies in relation to the consump- residual levels (MRL) have been established in some countries. tion of genetically modified (GM) plants including regular meta- If the petitioners conclude in general that there is no major bolic analyses (Seralini et al., 2011). Currently, no regulatory change in genetically modified organism (GMO) subchronic toxic- authority requests mandatory chronic animal feeding studies to ity studies (Domingo and Gine Bordonaba, 2011; Hammond et al., be performed for edible GMOs and formulated pesticides. How- 2004, 2006a,b), significant disturbances have been found and ever, several studies consisting of 90 day rat feeding trials have may be interpreted differently (Seralini et al., 2009; Spiroux de been conducted by the biotech industry. These investigations Vendomois et al., 2010). Detailed analyses have revealed altera- mostly concern GM soy and maize that are rendered either herbi- tions in kidney and liver functions that may be the signs of early chronic diet intoxication, possibly explained at least in part by Abbreviations: GM, genetically modified; R, Roundup; MRL, maximal residual pesticide residues in the GM feed (Seralini et al., 2007; Spil-OUx levels; GMO, genetically modified organism; OECD, Organization for Economic Co- de Vendomois et al., 2009). Indeed, it has been demonstrated that operation and Development; GT, glutamyl-transferase; PCA, principal component R concentrations in the range of 103 times below the MRL induced analysis; PLS, partial least-squares; OPLS, orthogonal partial least-squares; NIPALS, endocrine disturbances in human cells (Gasnier et al., 2009) and Nonlinear Iterative Partial Least Squares; OPLS-DA, Orthogonal Partial Least Squares toxic effects thereafter (Benachour and Seralini, 2009), including Discriminant Analysis; G, glycogen; L, lipid droplet; N, nucleus; R, rough endoplas- mic reticulum (on microscopy pictures only); U, urinary; UEx, excreted in urine in vivo (Romano et al., 2012). After several months of consumption during 24 h; APPT, Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time; MCV, Mean Corpuscular of an R-tolerant soy, the liver and pancreas of mice were affected, Volume; PT, Prothrombine Time; RBC, Red Blood Cells; ALT, alanine aminotrans- as highlighted by disturbances in sub-nuclear structure (Malatesta ferase; MCHC, Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration; A)G, Albumin/Glob- et al., 2008a, 2002a,b). Furthermore, this toxic effect was repro- ulin ratio; wBC, white Blood Cells; AST, aspartate aminotransferase. duced by the application of R herbicide directly to hepatocytes in * Corresponding author. Tel.: -33 (0)231565684; fax: +33 (0)231565320. E-mail address: criigen@unicaen.h (G.-E. Seralini). culture (Malatesta et al., 2008b). 0278-6915)$ - see front matter 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. http://clx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2012.08.005 Entropy 2013, 15, 1416-1463; doi:10.3390/e15041416 lull 2AMOMM entropy ISSN 1099-4300 www.iiidpi.com/iournal/entropy Review Glyphosate's Suppression of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes and Amino Acid Biosynthesis by the Gut Microbiome: Pathways to Modern Diseases Anthony Samsel 1 and Stephanie Seneff 2'x Independent Scientist and Consultant, Deerfield, NH 03037, USA; E-Mail: anthonysamsel@acoustictracks.net 2 Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: Seneff@csail.mit.edu; Tel.: +1-617-253-0451; Fax: +1-617-258-8642. Received: I5 January 2013: in revised form: 10 April 2013 /Accepted. 10 April 2013 / Published: 18 April 2013 Abstract: Glyphosate, the active ingredient in Roundup, is the most popular herbicide used worldwide. The industry asserts it is minimally toxic to humans, but here we argue otherwise. Residues are found in the main foods of the Western diet, comprised primarily of sugar, corn, soy and wheat. Glyphosate's inhibition of Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes is an overlooked component of its toxicity to mammals. CYP enzymes play crucial roles in biology, one of which is to detoxify xenobiotics. Thus, glyphosate enhances the damaging effects of other food borne chemical residues and environmental toxins. Negative impact on the body is insidious and manifests slowly over time as inflammation damages cellular systems throughout the body. Here, we show how interference with CYP enzymes acts synergistically with disruption of the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids by gut bacteria, as well as impairment in serum sulfate transport. Consequences are most of the diseases and conditions associated with a Western diet, which include gastrointestinal disorders, obesity, diabetes, heart disease, depression, autism, infertility, cancer and Alzheimer's disease. We explain the documented effects of glyphosate and its ability to induce disease, and we show that glyphosate is the "textbook example" of exogenous semiotic entropy: the disruption of homeostasis by environmental toxins. Keywords: glyphosate; Cytochrome P450; eNOS; obesity; cardiovascular disease; cancer; colitis; shikimate pathway; gut microbiome; tryptophan; tyrosine; phenylalanine; methionine; serotonin; Alzheimer's disease; Parkinson's disease; autism; depression All EHP content is accessible to individuals with disabilities. A fully accessible (Section 508-compliant) Research HTML version of this article is available at http://dx.doi.org/10,1289/ehp.1307044. Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Prenatal Residential Proximity to Agricultural Pesticides: The CHARGE Study Janie F. Shelton,' Estella M. Geraghty,' Daniel J. Tancredi,3.4 Lora D. Delwiche,' Rebecca J. Schmidt,' Beate Ritz, 5,6,7 Robin L. Hansen,3-8 and Irva Hertz-Picciottol,8 'Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA; 'Division of General Medicine, 'Department of Pediatrics, and 'Center for Healthcare Policy and Research, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; 'Department of Epidemiology, 'Department of Environmental Health Sciences, and 7Department of Neurology, Fielding School of Public Health and School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; 8UC Davis MIND (Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute, Sacramento, California, USA (2012) recently estimated a prevalence of 1.1 % BACKGROUND: Gestational exposure to several common agricultural pesticides can induce among children 8 years of age, a 78% increase developmental neurotoxicity in humans, and has been associated with developmental since their 2007 estimate. Available evidence delay and autism. suggests that causes of both ASD and DD are OBJECTIVES: We evaluated whether residential proximity to agricultural pesticides during pregnancy heterogeneous and that environmental factors is associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) or developmental delay (DD) in the Childhood can contribute strongly to risk (Hallmaycr Autism Risks from Genetics and Environment (CHARGE) study. et al. 2011; Mendola et al. 2002). METHODS: The CHARGE study is a population-based case-control study of ASD, DD, and typical The majority of pesticides sold in the development. For 970 participants, commercial pesticide application data from the California United States are neurotoxic and operate Pesticide Use Report (1997-2008) were linked to the addresses during pregnancy. Pounds of active through one of three primary mechanisms: ingredient applied for organophophates, organochlorines, pyrethroids, and carbamates were aggre- gated within 1.25-km, 1.5-km, and 1.75-km buffer distances from the home. Multinomial logistic a) inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (ACNE), regression was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) of exposure comparing confirmed cases of ASD h) voltage-gated sodium channel disruption, (n = 486) or DD (n = 168) with typically developing referents (n = 316). and/or c) inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric RESULTS: Approximately one-third of CHARGE study mothers lived, during pregnancy, within acid (GABA) (Casida 2009). ACNE primarily 1.5 km (just under 1 mile) of an agricultural pesticide application. Proximity to organophosphates functions as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, at some point during gestation was associated with a 60% increased risk for ASD, higher for third- but also has critical roles in the development trimester exposures (OR = 2.0; 95% Cl: 1.1, 3.6), and second-trimester chlorpyrifos applications of learning, cognition, and memory. GABA (OR = 3.3; 95% Cl: 1.5, 7.4). Children of mothers residing near pyrethroid insecticide applications is also an inhibitory neurotransmitter, and is just before conception or during third trimester were at greater risk for both ASE) and DD, with necessary for development and maintenance ORs ranging from 1.7 to 2.3. Risk for DD was increased in those near carbamate applications, but of neuronal transmission. no specific vulnerable period was identified. Although limited research has assessed CONCLUSIONS: This study of ASD strengthens the evidence linking neurodevelopmental disorders in utero exposures to pesticides, animal with gestational pesticide exposures, particularly organophosphates, and provides novel results of models (rats) of early exposure to organo- ASD and DD associations with, respectively, pyrethroids and carbamates. phosphates showed more severe neurodevcl- CITATION: Shelton JF, Geraghty EM, Tancredi DJ, Delwiche LD, Schmidt RJ, Ritz B, Hansen RL, opmental effects for males than for females Hertz-Picciotto 1. 2014. Neurodevelopmental disorders and prenatal residential proximity to (Levin et al. 2001, 2010). On the basis of agricultural pesticides: the CHARGE study. Environ Health Perspect 122:1103-1109; http:// previously published epidemiology or dx.doi.org/10.1289/chp.1307044 mechanistic considerations, we selected the following pesticide families to investigate for this analysis: organophosphates, carbamates, Introduction autism falls, the pervasive developmental California is the top agriculture-producing disorder (PDD) (Eskenazi et al. 2007). Address correspondence to J.P. Shelton, MS] C, One state in the nation, grossing S38 billion in Developmental delay (DD) refers to Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Telephone: revenue from farm crops in 2010 (California significant delays young children experience (530) 752-3025. E-mail: janie.shelton(a)gmaiLa>m Department of Food and Agriculture 2010). reaching milestones in relation to cognitive or We thank the CHARGE participants for helping Each year approximately 200 million pounds adaptive development. Adaptive skills include make this research possible. of active pesticide ingredients are applied communication, self-care, social relationships, This work as supported by grants from the National Institute of linvironmental Health throughout the state [California Department and/or motor skills. In the United States, DD Sciences (R01 ES015359, P01 ES11269), the U.S. of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR) 20141. affects approximately 3.9% of all children Environmental Protection Agency S 1'AR (R829388 Although pesticides are critical for the modern 3-10 years of age, and is approximately 1.7 and 8833292), the UC Davis Division of Graduate agricultural industry, certain commonly used times more common among boys than girls Studies, and the UC Davis MIND (Medical pesticides have been associated with abnormal Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) (Boyle et al. 201 1). Institute. and impaired neurodevelopment in children Autism is a developmental disorder with D .T.. K.I.S., K.H., and LH-P. have received travel (Bouchard et al. 2010, 2011; Engel et al. symptoms appearing by 3 years of age. Specific reimbursements and grant support from Autism 2007; Eskenazi et al. 2006; Grandjean et al. deficits occur in domains of social interaction Speaks, an autism advocacy group. Further, the 2006; Guillette et al. 1998; Rauh et al. 2006; and language, and individuals show restricted authors state that their rreedom to design, conduct, Ribas-Fito et al. 2006; Torres-Sanchez et al. and repetitive behaviors, activities, or move- interpret, and publish research is not compromised 2007; Young et al. 2005). In addition, specific ments (American Psychiatric Association by any controlling sponsor as a condition of review associations have been reported between 2000). The ASDs represent lower severity, and publication. The authors declare they have no actual or potential competing financial intcre ts. agricultural pesticides and autism spectrum usually with regard to language ability. ASDs Received: 4 May 2013; Accepted: 3 June 2014; disorders (ASD) (Roberts et al. 2007) and affect boys 4-5 times more than girls, and the Advance Publication: 23 line 2014: Final Publication: the broader diagnostic category under which Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1 October 2014. Environmental Health Perspectives • VOLUME 1221 NUMBER 101 October 2014 1 103 G'""Ilyphosate Exposure Analysis Report Client No. 0134-01 6 Your Composite Values Glyphosate Exposure 0134-01 Urine • Adult Male ADULT 2.6 ppb (ng/mL) ® Adult Female • Adult Average CHILD N/A Child Average 4 Your Result 8 AD: Application Day WATER N/A @ P-AD: PostApplicaton Day `Q AD Q. c. m Urine Exposure Averages by Region and Study 'Minnesota O 2.6 ppb r 1.4 nglmL , CL ' I 3 4 Rpb" - *1:3 ppb (9 2 n x vertigo d~ a 'North Carolina 7.9 ng/mL O • PAD 1 'Iowa P-AD 2 'Running Regional Averages 1.1 - 2.5 ng/mL O = P-AD 3 - LLOQ* • 0 6 aA .6A to aA (6 46 afire Q~a~ sec r0 'N 00 vie oc4 eye lac *The value is below the Lower Limit of Quantitation (LLCQ), which is 0.5 ppb Urine Exposure Averages by Month (the limit of the analysis method) 2• "`Farmer' Study (Acquavella et al, 2004) - 48 male farmers from Minnesota and North Carolina during and after application of Glyphosate E 2' 2"Household" Study (Curwin et al, 2007) - 48 women, 47 men, 117 children from farm and non-farm households in Iowa c 1 ■ VD „ European Study (Hoppe et al, 2013) - 182 adults from 18 European countries 0 'Feed the World (2015) -The study you are participating in; shown are the o. results of all subjects tested in the same batch o. Q`\ as Jyti P PEA Leo 4'0 ,eF GmF -OP le FFFFr THE WORM 10 S" 11 October 5, 2015 Ashland City Council 20 East Main St. Ashland, OR 97520 Members of the City Council, As a full-time student and a full-time staff member at Southern Oregon University I am The immensely invested in the health and well-being of well bemgaEducating students, use of glyphosate on campus is a hazard to that health an begunsto about the administrators, faculty, and especially the applicators endeavor esticides on undertake. potentially harmful effects of glyphosate i The professional roles I have held on campus, along with my role as a student, place me in a very unique position to reach out to the SOU campus and Ashland communities. Two years ago I served as the Director of Sustainability in SOU's student government, last year I was the Director of Outreach and Education for the SOU Center for Sustainability, I currently sit on the Sustainability Council at the university, and I am the Sustainability and Landscape Maintenance Specialist for the Landscape Services Department. Educating the public about sustainable practices and shifting public opinion is something I have vast experience in and I would love to direct my expertise and utilize my connections to help the City of Ashland shift people's use of the herbicide glyphosate to much safer solutions. Sincerely, Samantha Pennington-Vrsek Sustainability and Landscape Maintenance Specialist Facilities Management & Planning, Southern Oregon University 616-550-1329 Penningsl@sou.edu PATENT HISTORY OF GLYPHOSATE U.S. Patent 3,160,632 Stauffer Chemicals 1964 - Chelating agent. (dissolves and binds minerals) Used to clean industrial pipes and tanks. US Patent 3,455,675 Monsanto Chemicals 1969 - Herbicide. Used to kill unwanted plants. US Patent 7,771,736 Monsanto Technology2010 - Anti-microbial Treatment for microbial infections and parasitic control of various diseases such as malaria. Advocates fot- Healthy Landsca Des hri,tH) tL06er Ati_,Lrt2 Do you live in Ashland? Like this and leave a comment that you live in Ashland. "I support the City of Ashland passing a resolution encouraging everyone within City limits to discontinue the use of herbicides containing glyphosate and/or 2,4 D and to promote safe methods." ' ,-154 people ivached Like Comment Share Most Recent Bur ir. OrsO,,%'. Chn Ram, n SciJIcr aiiLl 17 others lll:c !111.`+. Comments Kawistina Lefeier I live in Ashland: Unlike • H l . 1 • rust 24 at 10:47 ow s s =tale "sails I live in Ashland. Unlike - Rem - 1_ • August 25 at 12:21 ani Advocates for I1ealthv I_a€tdsr_,__ca pea Thanks. ¢losePl V, ile. Like • Be • Commented on by Kristina Lefever • :'august 2; at 9:38a m %latt Sheehan I live in Ashland mike • I • 1 • jSei~teniler 7 aat 3:1€i in) FanIIINfood Freedom I live in Ashland! Unlike • Reply 1- September 10 at 1 t :06a m A .dvocates for Healthy Ian lscaP Thanks Ira inilyfood Freedom' Looking foriiard to talking to folks about this at your Honnegroiin Harvest Fest at Lithia Park on 9 27i Like Reply 1 Kristina Lefever September 10 at 10:213am ~r Kra€raina Black, I do not live in Ashland, but of course I like this resolution a lot and mvoiuld life to see it adopted far and %~ide. Unlike eft, 1 `SeeiAgilber 15 at 3.11 Advocates fo 1lealtl~~ 1. ~~cis )cs Thanks, Karaina Black! It will happen! Like • Be I •1_ • Commented on by Iii istina Lefever • e tenit-wr 16 at f x`1.45 aia I)i Kardivell Masiers I live in Ashland . lid • B I ° 1 • tcLu g- 22 at ":41ani Advocates for Iiealthy ~ai~ds€at3es Thank you°. I assume your like saes you Support this'. smile enioticola .lk _.g Kristina Lefever September -121 at 11:04am )aauline black I live in Ashland and I support this resolution. Thank you. Unl_ 1 a: Aeaa~bcr 22 at S.14am Advocates for Ilealt Landscapes Thank you` 'ems • Commented on by ristina Lefever • Sel3tember 22 at 11;04am Cind Ceteras I line in Ashland and I support this resolution. When it passes, out of town landlords need to be firmIN informed to tell their Ashland gardeners not to aisE these chemicals in the yards of rental houses and apartments. Vin!ik _e" Septa>mbei° 24 at 7.4512na es for ilea Ith1- i.a[idscLa„L€~', Iles, great point! Thanks, Cindy Ceteras! ik - ? 1 - Commented on by K ristina Lefever • September 14 at . i7vn Elishia Tucker I live in ashland Unlike Bgpjy Selptember 24 at 9;43Dm -r Drossos 1 11ve M AsIflzmd, , iaa t_'arson 1 l f L ~5t i`t7 1{ y 6t1 Claire Ande Unlike RBeply Advocates for Healtlry Landscapes Claire Ande Like. Reply K11 Lclc~ er Septembeir 25 at 1:2-181)n-i. Rob Gottschalk rlli Re ly uc tetra cr ' at 1 l: am Kr•istina Lefever Ellen NVrivitt Ellen Wrjgjht Advocates for Healthy andsca pcs C i,en `s'a'ri<-lht ivies P~3.1-y. Vr€ t,in,.t Lclc+cr C)Ltc f~cr i at t~ -advocates for Healthv fart€lsc_ 41lws Perfect, Ellen VF'ri,-, t' smile enlotic n -a apsl Kwt tfnw l c1_6~ecr October 1 it It _1_ L Ok, M 3k f~ p ca c% Cd o Z ci C 0> o O a O ~ N ~ a v V o ~ s O w J~ v~ "O V F o s w ` Q r V ~ ~ i y 06 v y w~ J3 . s ~3 ~o ¢ s bA~ ~ my L c a •WpA LZ~ e C ti .O ~ V ~ ~ Vl V ~ ~ x ~ ~ ~ c~ •-1d ~ jy Q ~ C ~ v] v ° -k O obi 3 p mC- cc o R G~ ~ c• ~ .c m O 0 ° LA ~o = V U C ~ C y y Q-•~ sC ~ C crOC C ^a J ~ °i ~ y r ? Q :C i 0 0 ~ a c _u ~ ~ y Q o f a ~ o h3 F~v ~o a ~ ~m m r N m a N (D n co D) r r r r i i i i 1 1 (fl v CD al d► W N 1 t7~ P W N O ao ~ * b 0 76 f rzD 15 ° tD ,r. 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