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HomeMy WebLinkAbout2023-06-27 Planning PACKET Planning CommissionAgenda Note: Anyone wishing to speak at any Planning Commission meeting is encouraged to do so. If you wish to speak, please rise and, after you have been recognized by the Chair, give your name and complete address for the record. You will then be allowed to speak. Please note the public testimony may be limited by the Chair. June 27, 2023 Study Session AGENDA AA I.CALL TO ORDER: 7:00 p.m., Civic Center Council Chambers, 1175 E. Main Street II.ANNOUNCEMENTS III.PUBLIC FORUM Note: If you wish to discuss an agenda item, please contact PC-public- testimony@ashland.or.us by June 27, 2023, 10 a.m. to register to participate electronically. To speak to an agenda item in person you must fill out a speaker request form at the meeting and will then be recognized by the Chair to provide your public testimony. Written testimony can be submitted in advance or in person at the meeting. If you are interested in watching the meeting via Zoom, please utilize the following link: https://zoom.us/j/99681231334 IV.DISCUSSION ITEMS A.Ashland Chamber of Commerce Economic Diversification Study (Chamber Staff) B.Ashland Climate & Environmental Policy Advisory Committee Natural Gas Ordinance Update (CEPAC Chair Bryan D. Sohl) C.DRAFT Ashland Climate Friendly Area (CFA) Study D.2023 Annual Planning Commission Retreat V.OPEN DISCUSSION VI.ADJOURNMENT Next Meeting Date: July 11, 2023 (pending planning application submittal) In compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act, if you need special assistance to participate in this meeting, please email planning@ashland.or.us. Notification 72 hours prior to the meeting will enable the City to make reasonable arrangements to ensure accessibility to the meeting (28 CFR 35.102-35.104 ADA Title 1). Page 1 of 1 Memo DATE: June 27, 2023 TO: Planning Commission FROM: Derek Severson, ˠ˼˱˾˾˹˾˷ ˝˱˾˱˷˵̂ RE: Ashland Chamber of Commerce Economic Diversification Strategy In 2022, EcoNorthwest completed an Economic Diversification Strategy for the Ashland Chamber of Commerce. After heat waves, wildfires, smoke and a pandemic and its associated business restrictions, school closures and shuttered venues the Chamber study looks closely at issues including what drives the local economy, how does the city adapt to climate impacts, and how can the city remain affordable to young families. The strategy and executive summary are included in toni˷˸̄Ͻ̃ ̀˱˳˻˵̄ ˶˿̂ ̉˿̅̂ ̂˵̆˹˵̇ʼ and Chamber staff will be on hand to present the strā˵˷̉ ˱̄ ̄˿˾˹˷˸̄Ͻ̃ ˽˵˵̄˹˾˷ ˱˾˴ respond to any questions. Economic Diversification Strategy Ashland Chamber of Commerce September 2022 Prepared for: Ashland Chamber of Commerce Final Report KOIN Center 222 SW Columbia Street Suite 1600 Portland, OR 97201 503-222-6060 This page intentionally blank ECONorthwest ii Table of Contents 1.INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 2.STUDY FRAMEWORK ........................................................................................................................................... 3 3.WHAT THE DATA SAY ............................................................................................................................................ 6 4.ENGAGEMENT .................................................................................................................................................... 29 5.PEER CITIES AND INDUSTRY TRENDS .............................................................................................................. 38 6.SWOT ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................................................. 43 7.ECONOMIC DIVERSIFICATION ACTION PLAN .................................................................................................... 59 8.APPENDIX A: ASHLAND ECONOMIC PROFILE ................................................................................................... 85 9.APPENDIX B: ADDITIONAL SURVEY RESPONSES ............................................................................................. 90 ECONorthwest iii This page intentionally blank ECONorthwest iv Executive Summary Exhibit 1. Educational Attainment For Population 25 Years Plus, Ashland, Jackson County, and Oregon, 2015-2019 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2015-2019 ACS 5-year estimate, Table B15003. 100% 3% 9% 10% 11% 80% 23% 26% 22% 5% 60% 25% 28% 40% 9% 9% 59% 20% 34% 28% 0% OregonJackson CountyAshland Bachelors or HigherAssociates Some CollegeHigh School or Equivalent Less than High School ECONorthwest v ECONorthwest vi Exhibit 2. Top Industries Covered Employment and Average Pay by Sector, 10 Largest Sectors Ashland, 2019 Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, 2019. 2,500$80,000 $70,000 2,000 $60,000 $50,000 1,500 Average County Wage, $44,048 $40,000 1,000 $30,000 $20,000 500 $10,000 -$0 AccommodationRetail TradeGovernmentHealth Care andArts,Other ServicesManufacturingProf., Sci., andAdmin. / SupportConstruction and Food ServicesSocial AssistanceEntertainment, and(except PublicTech. Servicesand Waste Mgmt / RecreationAdministration)Remediation Serv. EmployeesAverage Pay / Employee ECONorthwest vii STEM Occupational Employment Projections for Rogue Valley (Jackson and Josephine Counties), 2020-2030, Top Five Occupations Source: QualityInfo, Oregon Employment Department Projected Employment Percent Employment Replacement Total Occupation TitleEmployment 2020ChangeChangeOpeningsOpenings 2030 Registered Nurses2,8283,23814.5%4101,4531,863 Farmers, Ranchers, and Other Agricultural 1,6101,7619.4%1511,5921,743 Managers Carpenters1,3301,4408.3%1101,2121,322 Project Management Specialists and Business 77085911.6%89697786 Operations Specialists, All Other Accountants and Auditors64573714.3%92563655 Total, All Occupations 23,870 27,278 14.3% 3,408 18,705 22,113 ECONorthwest viii o o ECONorthwest ix o o o ECONorthwest x ECONorthwest xi 1.Introduction Background ECONorthwest 1 ECONorthwest 2 2.Study Framework Strategic Planning Framework Source: Adapted from Team-based Strategic Planning, Fogg, C. Davis PlanningResultsHowImpleme-Review ntation BaseRequired Environmental Scan Vision/ Delegated Internal Mission Strategies Objectives External Reviews Assumptions ObjectivesDelegated Programs Programs Priorities Where are Where do How will Who must How are we Now?we want to we get do What?we doing? be?there? Methods ECONorthwest 3 Data Used in this Analysis Quantitative Analysis Qualitative Analysis ECONorthwest 4 ECONorthwest 5 3.What the Data Say Ashland is Growing at a Slow Pace Exhibit 3. Population, Ashland, Jackson County, Oregon, U.S., 2000, 2010, and 2020 Source: U.S. Decennial Census and Portland State University, Census World Clock, and Population Research Center. Change 2000 to 2020 200020102020NumberPercentAAGR U.S.281,421,906308,745,538330,034,25748,612,35117%0.8% Oregon3,421,3993,831,0744,268,055846,65625%1.1% Jackson County181,269203,206223,24041,97123%1.0% Ashland19,52220,07821,1051,5838%0.4% Ashland’s Population is Getting Older In the 2015-2019 period, Exhibit 4. Population Distribution by Age, Ashland, Jackson County, there were almost twice and Oregon, 2015-2019 as many Ashland Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2015-2019 ACS, Table B01001. residents over 60 than under 20 years old. ECONorthwest 6 Between 2010 and the Exhibit 5. Age Group Change from 2010 to 2019 2015-2019 period, Source: US Decennial Census 2010, P012001 and ACS 5-Year Estimates 2015- 2019 Table B01001 Ashland saw the most growth in the population aged 70 and older. At the same time, Ashland saw a decrease in the population of those under 20, a much sharper decrease than either Jackson County or Oregon. By 2040, Jackson Exhibit 6. Fastest-growing Groups, Jackson County, 2020 to 2040 5X^W\]bd\\YXY^UJ\]RXWX_N\[Source: PSU Population Research Center, Jackson County Forecast, June 2017. 11% 8% 25% 27% 60 years old is forecast 5,363 People 4,211 People 13,901 18,458 to grow 27%. This is an People People increase in 18,458 people. Under 20 20-39 Yrs 40-59 Yrs 60+ Yrs ECONorthwest 7 Ashland is Getting More Diverse 3KX^\]1* XO3\\QUJWMd\\Exhibit 7. Non-White Population by Race as a Percent of Total population was White in AXY^UJ\]RXW$3\\QUJWMJWM<JLT\\XW5X^W\]b$*()-c*()1 2015-2019. The largest EY_\\MO0G$E$5OX\]_\]4_\\OK_"(&'+f(&'/35EFKLVO4&(&&'$ communities of color were people who were two or more races, Asian, or Black. EQN\\QJ\[NXO3\\QUJWMd\\Exhibit 8. Latino Population as a Percent of the Total Population, householders identified as 3\\QUJWM$<JLT\\XW5X^W\]b$@\[NPXW$*()(JWM*()-c*()1 Latino increased between Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 Decennial Census Table P005001, ACS 2019 +#JOK\\7\]^SWK^O\](&'+f(&'/"FKLVO4&)&&($ *()(JWM*()-c*()1& However, Ashland was less ethnically diverse than Jackson County and Oregon HM'%&%@MCSGD'%&*Y 2019 period. ECONorthwest 8 What are Ashland’s Housing Conditions? Ashland Faces Housing Affordability Challenge Exhibit 9. Ratio of Median Housing Value to Median Household Income, Ashland, Jackson County, Oregon, and Comparison Cities, 2000 to 2015-2019 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Decennial Census, Tables HCT012, H085, 2015-2019 ACS, Tables B19013, B25077. ECONorthwest 9 Exhibit 10. Residential Listing Trends, Ashland and Comparison Geographies, 2020 and 2021 Source: 2022 MLS and FBS. Prepared by Oregon Datashare (KCAR|MLSCO|SOMLS) on Wednesday, January 05, 2022. $259,950 White City $297,250 $356,954 Talent $467,500 $313,500 Shady Cove $362,500 $374,000 Rogue River $395,000 $316,638 Phoenix $360,000 $323,000 Medford $379,000 $494,000 Jacksonville $605,000 $388,000 Gold Hill $442,500 $365,000 Eagle Point $425,000 $324,848 Central Point $385,000 $470,000 Ashland $550,000 $545,500 Applegate $750,000 $- $200,000 $400,000 $600,000 $800,000 Median Sales Price 20202021 Multifamily Market Rents Also Increasing ECONorthwest 10 Exhibit 11. Rent Trends for Multifamily Housing, Ashland and Jackson County, 2009 to 2022 Source: CoStar, 2022 $992 $1,000 $900 $832 $800 $750 $711 $700 $600 $500 $400 $300 $200 $100 $0 20092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022 YTD AshlandJackson County Exhibit 12: Rent Per Square Foot And Vacancy Trends For Apartments, 2009 To 2022 Source: CoStar, 2022 $1.204.0% 3.5% $1.00 3.0% $0.80 2.5% $0.602.0% 1.5% $0.40 1.0% $0.20 0.5% $0.000.0% 2010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022 ECONorthwest 11 Who works in Ashland? Population to Employment Ratio Exhibit 13. Population to Employment Ratio, Ashland UGB, 2019 Source: QCEW, PSU, Bureau of Economic Analysis (Total Employment) 20,960 14,152 1.48 Population Estimated Total Population to Employment Employment Ratio Less than half of Ashland Residents work in Ashland About 6,500 people Exhibit 14. Commuting Flows, Ashland, 2019 commuted into Ashland for Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census On the Map. work and more than 4,400 people living in Ashland commuted out of the city. About 3,450 people lived and worked in Ashland. ACS 2015-2019, Table Table B08303 3 ECONorthwest 12 About 35% of people who Exhibit 15. Places Workers at Businesses in Ashland Lived, 2019 work in Ashland also live Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census On the Map. there. Workers also came 35% 18% 6% from Medford, Talent, Central AshlandMedfordTalent Point, Phoenix and other cities. Employment is Spreading from Downtown Exhibit 16. Ashland Employment by Block Group, 2019 Source: Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages ECONorthwest 13 Exhibit 17. Ashland Percent Change in Employment by Block Group, 2007 - 2019 Source: Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages Labor Force Trends The Pandemic Caused a shock, but Recovery is Underway ECONorthwest 14 Exhibit 18. Unemployment Rates, Oregon, Jackson and Josephine Counties Source: QualityInfo, Oregon Employment Department 16.0 14.0 12.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 5.1 4.5 4.0 4.1 2.0 0.0 OregonJackson CountyJosephine County Ashland Income is Average for Jackson County ECONorthwest 15 In the 2015-2019 period, Exhibit 19. Median Household Income, Ashland, Jackson County, 3\\QUJWMd\\VNMRJWOregon, and Comparison Cities, 2015-2019 household income Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2015-2019 ACS 5-year estimate, Table B19013. ($56,315) was similar to the counties, but about $5,500 less than the \\\]J\]Nd\\VNMRJWQX^\\NQXUM income (MHI). Ashland has Good Jobs Growth, but it Continues to be Concentrated ECONorthwest 16 7aQRKR\]*(&5X_N\[NM7VYUXbVNW\]5QJWPN*((/c*()1$3\\QUJWMF94JWM<JLT\\XW5X^W\]b Source: Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages Ashland Jackson County 2007 - 2019 Sector EstablishmentsEmployees Change in EmploymentChange in Employment 2007201920072019#%AAGR#%AAGR 136 44 127 83 189%9.2%290 10%0.8% -------27 15%1.2% 5378 309 239 (70) -23%-2.1%(399) -8%-0.7% 4254 495 491 (4) -1%-0.1%1,187 18%1.4% 4641 161 198 37 23%1.7%(15) -1%-0.1% 159149 1,344 1,583 239 18%1.4%(111) -1%-0.1% 127 30 72 42 140%7.6%636 26%2.0% 5334 179 234 55 31%2.3%(380) -24%-2.2% 6050 189 204 15 8%0.6%(216) -9%-0.8% 4155 114 113 (1) -1%-0.1%128 12%0.9% 129113 292 343 51 17%1.4%638 33%2.4% 65 27 41 14 52%3.5%(565) -30%-3.0% 3537 134 253 119 89%5.4%57 2%0.1% 2424 105 112 7 7%0.5%269 46%3.2% 159145 1,410 1,368 (42) -3%-0.3%5,395 49%3.4% 4133 748 758 10 1%0.1%26 2%0.1% 143141 1,676 2,142 466 28%2.1%1,946 25%1.9% 160105 342 496 154 45%3.1%628 23%1.8% 2117 1,644 1,453 (191) -12%-1.0%(339) -3%-0.3% Total1,094 1,197 9,243 10,227 984 11%0.8%9,202 11%0.9% ECONorthwest 17 Exhibit 21. Covered Employment, 2020, Ashland UGB Source: Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages Average Pay SectorEstablishmentsEmployees Payroll per Employee Agriculture and Mining15 149 6,344,374$ 42,580$ Construction54 285 16,501,719$ 57,901$ Manufacturing44 560 31,421,449$ 56,110$ Wholesale Trade46 141 8,815,743$ 62,523$ Retail Trade156 1,474 54,249,058$ 36,804$ Transportation and Warehousing13 77 5,320,439$ 69,097$ Information53 175 16,136,808$ 92,210$ Finance and Insurance60 203 12,501,166$ 61,582$ Real Estate and Rental and Leasing42 98 4,316,525$ 44,046$ Prof., Sci., and Tech. Services147 437 33,042,679$ 75,613$ Mgmt of Companies and Enterprises6 37 2,502,021$ 67,622$ Admin. / Support and Waste Mgmt / Remediation Serv.32 215 8,249,496$ 38,370$ Private Education24 94 4,051,712$ 43,103$ Health Care and Social Assistance185 1,326 67,971,540$ 51,261$ Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation42 409 16,725,366$ 40,893$ Accommodation and Food Services135 1,526 32,261,644$ 21,141$ Other Services (except Public Administration)129 427 13,017,548$ 30,486$ Government21 1,409 83,037,878$ 58,934$ Total1,204 9,042 416,467,165$ 46,059$ Occupation Trends ECONorthwest 18 Exhibit 22. STEM Occupational Employment Projections for Rogue Valley (Jackson and Josephine Counties), 2020-2030, Top Five Occupations Source: QualityInfo, Oregon Employment Department Projected Employment Percent Employment Replacement Total Occupation TitleEmployment 2020ChangeChangeOpeningsOpenings 2030 Registered Nurses2,8283,23814.5%4101,4531,863 Farmers, Ranchers, and Other Agricultural 1,6101,7619.4%1511,5921,743 Managers Carpenters1,3301,4408.3%1101,2121,322 Project Management Specialists and Business 77085911.6%89697786 Operations Specialists, All Other Accountants and Auditors64573714.3%92563655 Total, All Occupations 23,870 27,278 14.3% 3,408 18,705 22,113 Ashland Residents are Highly Educated 3\\QUJWMd\\YXY^UJ\]RXW*-JWMXUMN\[QJMExhibit 23. Educational Attainment For Population higher rates of higher education attainment, 25 Years Plus, Ashland, Jackson County, and with almost 60 percent having a bachelors or Oregon, 2015-2019 higher. Nearly 30 percent above the state Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2015-2019 ACS 5-year estimate, Table B15003. and county estimate. 100% 3% 9% 10% 11% 80% 23% 26% 22% 5% 60% 25% 28% 40% 9% 9% 59% 20% 34% 28% 0% OregonJackson CountyAshland Bachelors or HigherAssociates Some CollegeHigh School or Equivalent Less than High School ECONorthwest 19 Higher Education Enrollment is Down Enrollment at Southern Exhibit 24. Fall Enrollment at SOU, 2015 to 2021 Oregon University has Source: SOU Enrollment Reports 2015 to 2021, https://inside.sou.edu/ir/enrollments.html decreased 18.5% over the last two years. 8,000 6,243 6,1006,1416,182 6,007 6,000 5,059 5,089 4,000 2,000 0 2015201620172018201920202021 Total Admitted UndergradauteTotal Non-Admit Undergrad Total Admitted GraduateTotal Non-Admit Grad Exhibit 25. Southern Oregon University Bachelor's Degree Trends, 2010-2021 Source: Southern Oregon University fAPPSMOYP;X\]^S^_^SYXKVDO\]OK\\MR ECONorthwest 20 Ashland’s Pre-K through Secondary School Enrollment is Down Exhibit 26. Enrollment in Ashland School District, 2016 to 2021 Source: Oregon Department of Education, At-A-Glance Profiles 3,000 2,682 2,658 2,639 2,646 2,500 2,321 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 - 2016 - 20172017 - 20182018 - 20192019 - 20202020 - 2021 Ashland High SchoolAshland Middle SchoolBellview Elementary School Helman Elementary SchoolJohn Muir Outdoor SchoolWalker Elementary School ECONorthwest 21 Many Sector Strengths do Not Intersect with High-Wage Jobs Exhibit 27. Concentration of Industries and Employment, Ashland, 2019 Source: Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages Note: Green highlighting indicates higher^RKX3\]RVKXNg\]K`O\\KQOaKQOSX(&'/$ High Employment Low Employment (more than 50 employees) (at least 10 employees) High Support Activities for Agriculture and Forestry Chemical Construction of Buildings Manufacturing Location Miscellaneous Manufacturing Health and Quotient Wholesale Electronic Markets and Agents and Brokers Personal Care Motor Vehicle and Parts Dealers Stores Food and Beverage Stores Securities, Sporting Goods, Hobby, Musical Instrument, and Book Commodity Stores Contracts, and Miscellaneous Store Retailers Other Financial Nonstore Retailers Investments and Publishing Industries (except Internet) Related Activities Ambulatory Health Care Services Performing Arts, Spectator Sports, and Related Industries Amusement, Gambling, and Recreation Industries Accommodation Food Services and Drinking Places Personal and Laundry Services Religious, Grantmaking, Civic, Professional, and Similar Organizations Private Households Low Specialty Trade Contractors Crop Production Food Manufacturing Merchant Location Merchant Wholesalers, Nondurable Goods Wholesalers, Quotient Building Material and Garden Equipment and Supplies Durable Goods Dealers Support Activities Gasoline Stations for Transportation Clothing and Clothing Accessories Stores Motion Picture General Merchandise Stores and Sound Credit Intermediation and Related Activities Recording Insurance Carriers and Related Activities Industries Real Estate Management of Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services Companies and Administrative and Support Services Enterprises Educational Services Nursing and Residential Care Facilities Social Assistance Repair and Maintenance ECONorthwest 22 Exhibit 28. Top Industries Covered Employment and Average Pay by Sector, 10 Largest Sectors Ashland, 2019 Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, 2019. 2,500$80,000 $70,000 2,000 $60,000 $50,000 1,500 Average County Wage, $44,048 $40,000 1,000 $30,000 $20,000 500 $10,000 -$0 AccommodationRetail TradeGovernmentHealth Care andArts,Other ServicesManufacturingProf., Sci., andAdmin. / SupportConstruction and Food ServicesSocial AssistanceEntertainment, and(except PublicTech. Servicesand Waste Mgmt / RecreationAdministration)Remediation Serv. EmployeesAverage Pay / Employee Tourism Industries are Still a Clear Strength ECONorthwest 23 Exhibit 29. Transient Occupancy Taxes, 2013 - 2020 Source: https://www.travelstats.com/tlt/oregon 5 Jurisdiction 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Ashland $2.1M $2.1M $2.3M $2.1M $2.8M $2.9M $3.1M $2.2M Per Capita $138.68 $147.23 $104.08 $103.47 $103.24 $112.72 $101.84 $135.27 Central Point $451.5K $373.3K $391.5K $481.5K $453.1K $495.0K $492.4K Per Capita $27.30 $26.80 $ 26.08 $ 21.48 $ 22.39 $ 27.38 $ 25.60 Jacksonville $102.5K $104.1K $117.1K $134.8K $147.2K $180.4K $166.2K $181.0K Per Capita $62.79 $57.63 $62.78 $ 36.09 $ 36.65 $ 40.66 $ 46.16 $ 49.90 Medford $2.6M $2.9M $3.3M $3.8M $3.9M $3.3M $3.4M $1.5M Per Capita $41.22 $41.90 $18.27 $ 34.25 $ 37.83 $ 42.50 $ 48.41 $ 49.00 Exhibit 30. Transient Room Tax Total Revenue, Ashland, 2000-2022 YTD Source: City of Ashland, March 2022 $3,500,000.00 $3,000,000.00 $2,500,000.00 $2,000,000.00 $1,500,000.00 $1,000,000.00 $500,000.00 $- 0123456789012345678901D 0000000000111111111122 T Y ---------------------- 9012345678901234567890 2 9000000000011111111112 2 - 1 2 July-Sept RevenueOct-Dec RevenueJan-Mar RevenueApril- June Revenue ECONorthwest 24 Exhibit 31. Jackson County Percent of Total Employment by Leisure and Hospitality Industries, 2011-2020 Source: QCEW, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics ECONorthwest 25 Commercial Real Estate Market Conditions Ashland Retail Rents Decreasing while Vacancy Rates are Increasing Exhibit 32. Retail Rents per Square Foot and Retail Vacancy Rates in Ashland, 2009 to 2022 Source: CoStar, 2022 6 $40.005.0% $35.00 4.0% $30.00 $25.00 3.0% $20.00 2.0% $15.00 $10.00 1.0% $5.00 $0.000.0% 20092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022 YTD Ashland Office Rents and Vacancy Rates Decreasing ECONorthwest 26 Exhibit 33. Office Rents per Square Foot and Vacancy Rates in Ashland, 2009 to 2022 Source: CoStar, 2022 $25.007.00% 6.00% $20.00 5.00% $15.00 4.00% 3.00% $10.00 2.00% $5.00 1.00% $0.000.00% 20092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022 YTD ECONorthwest 27 Broadband Exhibit 34. Maximum Download Speed Available in Ashland Source: Oregon Broadband Mapping Project, 2022 https://geo.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=002a3eee6efb48a1868b4494168d730a Broadband in Oregon A Report of the Oregon Broadband Advisory Council, 2020, 7 https://www.oregon.gov/biz/Publications/Boards/Oregon%20Broadband%20Advisory%20Council%20(OBAC)/BroadbandR pt2020.pdf ECONorthwest 28 4.Engagement Stakeholder Discussions     ECONorthwest 29   Survey Approach and Rationale      ECONorthwest 30 Exhibit 35. Survey Response Summary Total email solicitations 1,112 Bounced addresses 114 Effective sample size 998 Responses 231 Response rate 23.1% Key Takeaways ECONorthwest 31 Local Economy and Innovation Capacity Overall, how would you rate Ashland as a place to do business at this time? 7aQRKR\]+.&3\\\\N\\\\VNW\]\\XO3\\QUJWMd\\5^\[\[NW\]4^\\RWN\\\\3\]VX\\YQN\[N Source: Ashland Economic Diversification Stakeholder Survey, Spring 2022 Please indicate your level of agreement or disagreement with the following statements ECONorthwest 32 Exhibit 37. Level of Agreement with Statements about Economic Conditions Source: Ashland Economic Diversification Stakeholder Survey, Spring 2022 Statement Strongly Agree Neither Disagree Strongly Total Agree Agree nor Disagree Responses Disagree Ashland has a strong culture of 14% 46% 23% 14% 4% 217 innovation and entrepreneurship Ashland has a diverse and healthy 1% 22% 27% 38% 12% 212 economy Ashland has a welcoming business 9% 33% 30% 21% 8% 209 climate Ashland has a high quality of life 34% 50% 12% 2% 1% 219 Key innovation assets in Ashland 6% 32% 42% 14% 6% 171 and the region are linked physically Ashland and the region have strong 8% 28% 33% 25% 6% 201 networks that support economic development People outside our region perceive 7% 29% 31% 25% 8% 182 we have a strong environment for economic development Ashland has and maintains public 15% 41% 18% 21% 5% 208 infrastructure to adequately support existing and future economic development needs Please indicate your level of agreement or disagreement on leadership, culture and networks in Ashland and the region Exhibit 38. Level of Agreement with Statements about Leadership, Culture, and Networks Source: Ashland Economic Diversification Stakeholder Survey, Spring 2022 Strongly Agree Neither Disagree Strongly Total Statement Agree Agree nor Disagree Responses Disagree Local leadership is well connected 3% 22% 32% 35% 8% 193 throughout the region Entrepreneurs are well connected 5% 37% 35% 19% 4% 189 throughout the region Our culture supports economic 7% 29% 30% 27% 6% 205 development Local elected officials support 4% 26% 25% 28% 18% 200 economic development Local government staff support 3% 30% 30% 21% 15% 191 economic development Regional marketing and branding 14% 41% 24% 14% 6% 201 promote economic development Economic development 10% 32% 36% 13% 8% 181 organizations effectively support economic development ECONorthwest 33 Please list the top three elements of Ashland’s economy you think present the greatest opportunities for economic diversification If you plan to expand your business in the next five years, please indicate how you expect your business to grow. Business owners looking to Exhibit 39. Anticipated New Business Needs in Five Years expand indicated that they Source: Ashland Economic Diversification Stakeholder Survey, Spring 2022 anticipated needed roughly 11.4 6.3 2,721 sq ft. six new full-time employees Average Full Time Estimated Need for New Average Additional in the next five years. Employees Now Full Time EmployeesFloor Area Needed Only 22 respondents 15.3 2.3 acres indicated a need for more Average Total Average Additional floor area space or land. Employees Now Land Needed ECONorthwest 34 Business Expansion and Challenges Do you plan to expand your business in the next five years? If you plan to expand your business in the next five years, will you expand in Ashland? The majority of respondents answered that However, only 50% of this number indicated that they did plan to expand within the next five they would expand their business in Ashland. years (56.5%). Exhibit 40. Anticipated Expansion in Five Exhibit 41. Decision to Expand in Ashland Years Source: Ashland Economic Diversification Survey, 2022 Source: Ashland Economic Diversification Survey, 2022 If no, please explain why not. ECONorthwest 35 Have you hired new employees in the last year? Was it difficult to fill positions? Over half of business owners had hired new Following national level trends, out of the 52 employees in the last year; these respondents business owners who had hired in the last year were asked follow ups about the process. 65.4% had difficulty finding employees. Exhibit 42. Hiring in Past Year Exhibit 43. Difficulty Hiring in Past Year Source: Ashland Economic Diversification Survey, 2022 Source: Ashland Economic Diversification Survey, 2022 34.6% 65.4% YesNo n=52 What areas of assistance are most needed to help your business grow and succeed? ECONorthwest 36 Exhibit 44. Assistance Needed for Business Owners Source: Ashland Economic Diversification Survey, 2022 ECONorthwest 37 5.Peer Cities and Industry Trends Selection Criteria City Outdoor Wine Performing or University Remote Recreation Industry Other Arts Work Bend, OR X X McMinville, OR X X Healdsburg, CA X Santa Fe, NM X X Lessons Learned from Peers           ECONorthwest 38         Common Strategies       Industry Trends Trends in Wine   Institute for Policy Research and Engagement, 2020, 2020 Oregon Vineyard and Winery Report 9 https://industry.oregonwine.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020-Winery-Vineyard-Report-8-31-21-Rev.pdf Sovos ShipCompliant, 2022, 2022 Direct to Consumer Wine Shipping Report 10 https://www.sovos.com/shipcompliant/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2022/01/2022-Direct-to-Consumer-Wine-Shipping- Report.pdf ECONorthwest 39  Trends in Art Trends in Outdoor Recreation Destination Analysts, 2021, Travel Ashland Visitor Research and Analysis 11 Americans for the Arts, 2017, Arts & Economic Prosperity 5 12 ECONorthwest 40 Trends in Tourism Mojica, J., Cousins, K., Madsen, T., 2021, Economic Analysis of Outdoor Recreation in Oregon. 14 Oregon Parks and Recreation Department, 2017, Outdoor Recreation in Oregon: Responding to Demographic and Societal Change ECONorthwest 41 Destination Analysts, 2021, Executive Summary Destination Analysts, 2021, Executive Summary 17 Oregon Tourism Commission, 2019. Year in Review FY 2018-2019 ECONorthwest 42 6.SWOT Analysis Strengths What We Heard ECONorthwest 43 7aQRKR\],-&>X\\\]8\[NZ^NW\]Ub5R\]NMD\]\[NWP\]Q\\XO3\\QUJWMd\\7LXWXVb Source: Ashland Economic Diversification Survey, 2022 Note: This graphic highlights themes included in 10% or more of responses due to a high volume of low-choice themes Performing Arts/OSF 28% Tourism 27% Natural Beauty 26% Highway/Location 21% Universities/SOU 18% Arts and Culture 17% Restaurants 12% Quality of Life 11% Outdoor Recreation 11% Community 10% Appealing Downtown 10% 0%5%10%15%20%25%30% ECONorthwest 44 What the Data Say Exhibit 46. Concentration of Industries and Employment, Ashland, 2019 Source: Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages Note: Green highlighting indicates higher^RKX3\]RVKXNg\]K`O\\KQOaKQOSX(&'/$ High Employment Low Employment (more than 50 employees) (at least 10 employees) High Support Activities for Agriculture and Forestry Chemical Manufacturing Construction of Buildings Health and Personal Care Location Miscellaneous Manufacturing Stores Quotient Wholesale Electronic Markets and Agents and Brokers Securities, Commodity Motor Vehicle and Parts Dealers Contracts, and Other Financial Food and Beverage Stores Investments and Related Sporting Goods, Hobby, Musical Instrument, and Book Activities Stores Miscellaneous Store Retailers Nonstore Retailers Publishing Industries (except Internet) Ambulatory Health Care Services Performing Arts, Spectator Sports, and Related Industries Amusement, Gambling, and Recreation Industries Accommodation Food Services and Drinking Places Personal and Laundry Services Religious, Grantmaking, Civic, Professional, and Similar Organizations Private Households Low Specialty Trade Contractors Crop Production Food Manufacturing Merchant Wholesalers, Durable Location Merchant Wholesalers, Nondurable Goods Goods Quotient Building Material and Garden Equipment and Supplies Support Activities for Dealers Transportation Gasoline Stations Motion Picture and Sound Clothing and Clothing Accessories Stores Recording Industries General Merchandise Stores Management of Companies Credit Intermediation and Related Activities and Enterprises Insurance Carriers and Related Activities Real Estate Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services Administrative and Support Services Educational Services Nursing and Residential Care Facilities Social Assistance Repair and Maintenance ECONorthwest 45 Exhibit 47. Educational Attainment For Population 25 Years Plus, Ashland, Jackson County, and Oregon, 2015-2019 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2015-2019 ACS 5-year estimate, Table B15003. 100% 3% 9% 10% 11% 80% 23% 26% 22% Prioritization 5% 60% 25% 28% 40% 9% 9% 59% 20% 34% 28% 0% OregonJackson CountyAshland Bachelors or HigherAssociates Some CollegeHigh School or Equivalent Less than High School Weaknesses What We Heard ECONorthwest 46 7aQRKR\],0&>X\\\]8\[NZ^NW\]Ub5R\]NMHNJTWN\\\\N\\XO3\\QUJWMd\\7LXWXVb Source: Ashland Economic Diversification Survey, 2022 Housing Costs 32% Reliance on Tourism/OSF 29% Government 23% Lack of Economic Diversity 21% Fire/Smoke 20% Business friendliness 11% Cost of Living 11% Leadership 9% Commercial costs 8% Lack of Diversity (Population) 8% Homelessness 7% Workforce 7% Job Options 6% Lack of Space 5% 0%5%10%15%20%25%30%35% Note: This graphic highlights themes included in 5% or more of responses due to a high volume of themes What the Data Say ECONorthwest 47 Exhibit 49. Top Industries Covered Employment and Average Pay by Sector, 10 Largest Sectors Ashland, 2019 Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, 2019. 2,500$80,000 $70,000 2,000 $60,000 $50,000 1,500 Average County Wage, $44,048 $40,000 1,000 $30,000 $20,000 500 $10,000 -$0 AccommodationRetail TradeGovernmentHealth Care andArts,Other ServicesManufacturingProf., Sci., andAdmin. / SupportConstruction and Food ServicesSocial AssistanceEntertainment, and(except PublicTech. Servicesand Waste Mgmt / RecreationAdministration)Remediation Serv. EmployeesAverage Pay / Employee ECONorthwest 48 Exhibit 50. Median Home Sale Prices, 2017-2020, Ashland and Surrounding Communities Source: Southern Oregon Multiple Listing Services $600K $550K West Medford $500K White City $450K Talent $400K Northwest Medford $350K Eagle Point $300K Phoenix $250K Southwest Medford $200K East Medford $150K Central Point $100K Ashland Jacksonville PrioritizationPrioritization Threats ECONorthwest 49 What We Heard ECONorthwest 50 7aQRKR\]-)&>X\\\]8\[NZ^NW\]Ub5R\]NMEQ\[NJ\]\\\]X3\\QUJWMd\\7LXWXVb Source: Ashland Economic Diversification Survey, 2022 Climate Change 66% Housing Affordability/Supply 18% Government 17% Reliance on OSF 10% Leadership 9% Cost of Living 9% Workforce Housing 8% COVID 7% Homelessness 7% Aging Population 6% Water 6% Tourism 6% Lack of Economic Diversity 5% Wages/Job Opportunities 5% 0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70% Note: This graphic highlights themes included in 5% or more of responses due to a high volume of themes What the Data Say ECONorthwest 51 Exhibit 52. Population Distribution by Age, Ashland, Jackson County, and Oregon, 2015-2019 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2015-2019 ACS, Table B01001. Exhibit 53. Southern Oregon University Enrollment Reports,2015-2021 Source: Inside Southern Oregon University 8,000 6,243 6,1006,1416,182 6,007 6,000 5,059 5,089 4,000 2,000 0 2015201620172018201920202021 Total Admitted UndergradauteTotal Non-Admit Undergrad Total Admitted GraduateTotal Non-Admit Grad Prioritization ECONorthwest 52 Opportunities What We Heard ECONorthwest 53 7aQRKR\]-,&>X\\\]8\[NZ^NW\]Ub5R\]NM@YYX\[\]^WR\]RN\\\]X3\\QUJWMd\\7LXWXVb@_N\[JUU Source: Ashland Economic Diversification Survey, 2022 Outdoor Recreation 31% SOU Programs 15% Housing Development 13% Youth/Young Families 13% Performing Arts 12% Business Support/Attraction 11% Wine/Agriculture 11% Diversification 8% Arts/Culture (General) 8% Remote Work 8% Events 6% Manufacturing/Industrial 6% Restaurants 5% 0%5%10%15%20%25%30%35% Note: This graphic highlights themes included in 5% or more of responses due to a high volume of themes ECONorthwest 54 7aQRKR\]--&>X\\\]8\[NZ^NW\]Ub5R\]NM@YYX\[\]^WR\]RN\\\]X3\\QUJWMd\\7LXWXVb@_N\[JUU Source: Ashland Economic Diversification Survey, 2022 Education 27% Outdoor Recreation 24% Food/Wine 19% Entertainment 17% Business Diversity 14% Tourism 12% Arts/Culture 12% Green Innovation 11% Manufacturing 10% Housing 10% Health/Wellness 10% Workforce Development 9% Leverage Location 9% Technology 8% Internet 7% Youth Attractions 7% Remote Work 5% Regulatory Changes 5% 0%5%10%15%20%25%30% Note: This graphic highlights themes included in 5% or more of responses due to a high volume of themes What the Data Says ECONorthwest 55 Exhibit 56. Transient Room Tax Total Revenue, Ashland, 2000-2022 YTD Source: City of Ashland, March 2022 $3,500,000.00 $3,000,000.00 $2,500,000.00 $2,000,000.00 $1,500,000.00 $1,000,000.00 $500,000.00 $- D 0123456789012345678901 0000000000111111111122 T Y ---------------------- 9012345678901234567890 2 9000000000011111111112 2 - 1 2 July-Sept RevenueOct-Dec RevenueJan-Mar RevenueApril- June Revenue $3,500,000.00 $3,000,000.00 $2,500,000.00 $2,000,000.00 $1,500,000.00 $1,000,000.00 $500,000.00 $- 0123456789012345678901D 0000000000111111111122 T Y ---------------------- 9012345678901234567890 2 9000000000011111111112 2 - 1 2 July-Sept RevenueOct-Dec RevenueJan-Mar RevenueApril- June Revenue Final Prioritization ECONorthwest 56 Special Consideration: Perspectives on Regional Performing Arts ECONorthwest 57 ECONorthwest 58 7.Economic Diversification Action Plan Exhibit 57. The Ashland Economic Diversification Strategy ECONorthwest 59 Pillar One: Foster Business Growth ECONorthwest 60 ECONorthwest 61 Improve Public Sector Collaboration Potential Actions Potential Partners:   How to Measure Success:  First Step:  ECONorthwest 62 Support Specialty Districts Potential Actions Potential Partners: ECONorthwest 63  How to Measure Success:  First Step:  Establish Small Batch Ashland Potential Actions Potential Partners:  ECONorthwest 64  How to Measure Success:  First Step:  ECONorthwest 65 Resilient/Sustainable Business Practices Potential Actions Potential Partners:   How to Measure Success:   First Step: ECONorthwest 66 Pillar Two: Diversify Tourism ECONorthwest 67 Position Ashland as the Regional Base Camp for Outdoor Recreation Potential Actions Potential Partners:  ECONorthwest 68  How to Measure Success:   First Step: Broaden Culinary Experiences: Potential Actions Potential Partners:  ECONorthwest 69  How to Measure Success:  First Step: ECONorthwest 70 Extend Event Calendar Potential Actions Potential Partners:    How to Measure Success:   First Step:  ECONorthwest 71 Expand Visitor Personas Potential Actions Potential Partners:    How to Measure Success:  First Step: ECONorthwest 72 Pillar Three: Rediscover Downtown ECONorthwest 73 Invest in Public Spaces Potential Actions Potential Partners:  ECONorthwest 74  How to Measure Success:     First Step:   Diversify Downtown Visitors Potential Actions Potential Partners:  ECONorthwest 75  How to Measure Success:  First Step:   ECONorthwest 76 Support Flexible Commercial Spaces Potential Actions Potential Partners:    How to Measure Success:  First Step: ECONorthwest 77 Create a Solar Downtown Potential Actions Potential Partners:    How to Measure Success: First Step: ECONorthwest 78 Pillar Four: Expand Talent Pool ECONorthwest 79 Train World-Class Healthcare Workforce Potential Actions Potential Partners:    How to Measure Success:  First Step: ECONorthwest 80 Attract Remote Workers Potential Actions Potential Partners:  How to Measure Success:  First Step: ECONorthwest 81 Increase Workforce Housing and Childcare Supply Potential Actions Potential Partners: ECONorthwest 82 How to Measure Success: First Step: ECONorthwest 83 Align Employer Needs with Regional Labor Potential Actions Potential Partners: How to Measure Success: First Step: ECONorthwest 84 Appendix A: Ashland Economic Profile 3\\QUJWMd\\YXY^UJ\]RXW`R\]QRWExhibit 58. Forecast of Population Growth, Ashland UGB, its urban growth boundary 2021 to 2041 is projected to grow by over Source: Oregon Population Forecast Program, Portland State University, Population Research Center, 2018. 1,691 people between 21,936 23,627 1,6918% increase 2021 and 2041, at an Residents in Residents in New residents 0.37% AAGR average annual growth rate 20212041 2021 to 2041 of 0.37%. 19 From 2010 to 2015-2019, Exhibit 59. Median Age, Ashland, Jackson County, and Oregon, 3\\QUJWMd\\VNMRJWJPN2010 to 2015-2019 increased from 43 to 45. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 Decennial Census P013001, 2015-2019 ACS, Table B01002. 50 45 43 43 4542 39 38 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 AshlandJackson CountyOregon 2010! $:! & In the 2015-2019 period, 49% of Ashland residents were between the ages of 20 and 59 years. ECONorthwest 85 Between 2010 and the Exhibit 60. Population Growth by Age, Ashland, 2010 to 2015-2019 2015-2019 period, the Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 Decennial Census Table P012001 and 2015- 2019 ACS, Table B01001. population aged 60 and older grew the most. In this time, those aged 60 years and older grew by 1,718 people (from 5,209 people in 2000 to 6,927 people in 2018). Jackson County residents Exhibit 61. Population Growth by Age Group, Jackson County, 2020 60 years of age and older and 2040 are forecast to comprise Source: PSU Population Research Center, Jackson County Forecast, June 2017. 40% 32% of the population, up from 30% in 2020. 32% 35% 30% 30% 26% 25% 23% 25%22% 21% 20% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Under 2020 to 3940 to 5960+ 20202040 About 44% of Ashland Exhibit 62. Places Ashland Residents were Employed, 2019 residents worked there. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census On the Map. Residents worked in 44% 23% 2% other cities such as AshlandMedfordGrants Pass Medford, Grants Pass, Portland, Central Point, Eugene, Talent, Salem, Phoenix and White City. ECONorthwest 86 Exhibit 63. Industry Employment Projections, 2020-2030, Jackson and Josephine Counties Source: Oregon Employment Department. Employment Projections by Industry 2020-2030. 20202030Change% Change Total payroll employment115,090131,72016,63014% Total private100,910116,76015,85016% Natural resources and mining4,3505,17082019% Mining and logging5506207013% Construction5,8206,63081014% Manufacturing10,61011,6901,08010% Durable goods6,9007,56066010% Wood product manufacturing2,4502,5701205% Trade, transportation, and utilities24,55027,0302,48010% Wholesale trade3,1303,3602307% Retail trade17,66019,4101,75010% Transportation, warehousing, and utilities3,7604,26050013% Information1,3001,340403% Financial activities4,7405,44070015% Professional and business services9,48010,9501,47016% Private educational and health services24,23028,4604,23017% Private educational services9801,19021021% Health care and social assistance23,25027,2704,02017% Ambulatory health care services8,62010,6101,99023% Leisure and hospitality12,27016,0503,78031% Accommodation and food services10,90013,9803,08028% Other services3,5604,00044012% Government14,18014,9607806% Federal government2,1702,120-50-2% Federal government post office440460205% State government1,4501,59014010% Local government10,56011,2506907% Local education6,8707,2203505% Self-employment7,2907,8205307% Total employment122,380139,54017,16014% Exhibit 64. Oregon Job Vacancies by Geography, 2019-2021 Source: QualityInfo, Oregon Employment Department Change Geography201920202021 from 2019 Oregon Statewide57,241 44,408 96,887 69% Portland Metro21,218 13,429 28,014 32% Mid-Valley7,091 6,995 12,681 79% East Cascades5,673 4,402 10,771 90% Clackamas5,795 3,921 10,088 74% Lane5,414 4,029 8,857 64% Rogue Valley4,134 3,749 8,752 112% Northwest Oregon3,357 2,255 7,311 118% Southwestern Oregon1,745 2,195 4,801 175% Eastern Oregon2,147 2,527 4,199 96% Multi-area or unknown667 906 1,413 112% ECONorthwest 87 Exhibit 65. Top Rogue Valley Occupations With the Highest Number of Job Vacancies, 2021 Source: QualityInfo, Oregon Employment Department Share of all OccupationVacancies Vacancies Retail Salespersons598 6.8% Personal Care Aides473 5.4% Cooks, Restaurant310 3.5% Fast Food and Counter Workers305 3.5% Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers269 3.1% Cleaners of Vehicles and Equipment267 3.1% Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics267 3.1% Nursing Assistants249 2.8% Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners201 2.3% Childcare Workers172 2.0% Light Truck Drivers149 1.7% Cashiers147 1.7% Customer Sewice Representatives144 1.6% Team Assemblers137 1.6% Counter and Rental Clerks122 1.4% Construction Laborers119 1.4% Receptionists and Information Clerks110 1.3% Business Operations Specialists, All Other101 1.2% Waiters and Waitresses101 1.2% All Occupations 8,752 100% ECONorthwest 88 Exhibit 66. Rogue Community College Lower Division University Transfer Eligible Courses Enrollment by Subject, 2010-2021 Source: Higher Education Coordinating Commission 7aQRKR\]./&8J\\\]N\\\]9\[X`RWP@LL^YJ\]RXW\\RW\]QNCXP^NGJUUNb$*(*(c*(+(A\[XSNL\]RXW\\ Source: QualityInfo, Oregon Employment Department ECONorthwest 89 8.Appendix B: Additional Survey Responses Please indicate your overall assessment of the status Ashland’s economy ECONorthwest 90 7aQRKR\].0&3\\\\N\\\\VNW\]\\XO3\\QUJWMd\\5^\[\[NW\]7LXWXVRLD\]J\]^\\ Source: Ashland Economic Diversification Stakeholder Survey, Spring 2022 Please indicate your level of agreement or disagreement about local capacity to support economic diversification. ECONorthwest 91 Exhibit 69. Level of Agreement with Statements about Local Capacity for Diversification Source: Ashland Economic Diversification Stakeholder Survey, Spring 2022 3% Existing institutions and industry support economic 28%32%25%12% diversification Ashland attracts businesses, entrepreneurs, and innovators 7%33%26%23%11% from outside of the area Ashland has a mixture of assets that promote economic 5%35%34%21%6% development 3% The current state of the local business climate supports 26%29%32%9% economic diversification 0%20%40%60%80%100% Strongly AgreeAgreeNeither Agree nor DisagreeDisagreeStrongly Disagree Exhibit 70. Length of Business Operation in Ashland Source: Ashland Economic Diversification Stakeholder Survey, Spring 2022 ECONorthwest 92 Question: Please indicate the relative effort you think should be given to each of the following approaches to economic diversification Respondents overall had a Exhibit 71. Preferred Approaches to Economic Diversification slight preference for business Source: Ashland Economic Diversification Stakeholder Survey, Spring 2022 retention and expansion as an area of focus for diversification. On average, respondents rated this 8% higher as a priority than supporting entrepreneurs 46.0% and startups, though 54.0% generally both received fairly equal support. Business retention and expansion Supporting entrepreneurs and start-ups Business-Specific Questions Do you own or manage a business located in Ashland? Of the 165 people who answered this Exhibit 72. Share of Business Owners question, business owners made up Source: Ashland Economic Diversification Survey, Spring 2022 over half of respondents (57%). Within this group, 89% had a company that was based in Ashland. 43.0% In responses from business owners, many wrote in responses about their 57.0% business type. Here we drew some assumptions and assigned as many as possible to a specific NAICS code. Based on these self-reported types, the most common business types were retail (14.8%); finance, YesNo insurance and retail (14.8%); tourism and hospitality (12.3%); and other services (12.3%). ECONorthwest 93 What contributed to challenges in filling open positions? Exhibit 73. Reasons for Hiring Challenges Source: Ashland Economic Diversification Survey, 2022 What areas of training do your employees need? Respondent Characteristics ECONorthwest 94 The average age of survey Exhibit 74. Age of Survey Respondents by Selected Categories respondents is 59 years; Source: Ashland Economic Diversification Survey, 2022 14 years higher than the 40% median age in Ashland in 34.4% 35% 2015-2019 of 45 years 31.9% (Exhibit 59). 30% 25% The minimum age of 19.6% respondents was 30 20% years, with the greatest 14.1% 15% share falling into the 60- 75 years category. 10% 5% 0% 30-44 Years45-60 Years60-75 YearsOver 75 The majority of survey Exhibit 75. Gender of Survey Respondents respondents identified as Source: Ashland Economic Diversification Survey, 2022 female (47%), slightly higher than the share identifying as male (40%). Prefer to self identify or not say 12.4% Female 47.1% Male 40.5% 0%5%10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50% ECONorthwest 95 The share of White Exhibit 76. Race/Ethnicity of Survey Respondents respondents (94%) is Source: Ashland Economic Diversification Survey, 2022 roughly proportionate to Ashland as a whole (91%). The share of most communities of color is represented roughly the same as the city overall; however, the share of Latino or Hispanic survey respondents (1%) is lower than the overall share in Ashland (7%). The share of American Indian or Alaska Native respondents is higher at 4% compared with 1% in Ashland overall. ECONorthwest 96 Memo DATE: June 27, 2023 TO: Planning Commissioners FROM: Derek Severson, ˠ˼˱˾˾˹˾˷ ˝˱˾˱˷˵̂ RE: Natural Gas Ordinance Update At its June 6 business meeting, the City Council directed staff to draft an ordinance th which would restrict the extension of natural gas infrastructure in new homes. The Council heard testimony from Climate and Environment Policy Advisory Committee (CEPAC) chair Bryan Sohl about CEPAC research on possible policy approaches. The Council responded by asking staff and the City Attorney to start drafting an ordinance for Council consideration in the coming months. \[Follow this link to watch the June 6 Ashland City Council discussion on a possible ordinance restricting th methane in new residential construction. This item starts at 28:20 into the meeting. You can also read news coverage from JPR, RV Times, Oregon Live, and OPB.\] CEPAC Chair Bryan Sohl, MD will be present tonight to update the Planning Commission on this topic. Memo DATE: June 27, 2023 TO: Planning Commission FROM: Derek Severson, ˠ˼˱˾˾˹˾˷ ˝˱˾˱˷˵̂ RE: Climate Friendly Area Study A draft study of potential Climate Friendly Areas (CFAs) is presented for the ˓˿˽˽˹̃̃˹˿˾Ͻ̃ ̂˵̆˹˵̇ ̄˿˾˹˷˸̄ʾ ˤ˸˹̃ ̃̄̅˴̉ is required under the Climate Friendly & Equitable Communities (CFEC) rules adopted by the Department of Land Conservation & Development (DLCD) in 2022. This study is required to be submitted to DLCD by December 31. st ˒˱˳˻˷̂˿̅˾˴ CFEC Rulemaking The CFEC rulemaking was initiated through an executive order to state agencies from Governor Kate Brown in 2020 in response to the determination that Oregon was significantly off-track in reaching greenhouse gas reduction targets previously committed to by the state. Given that transportation is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, and transportation is closely tied to land use, a primary focus of these new rules is in changing land use and transportation planning to require that cities identify Climate Friendly Areas (CFAs) which can accommodate at least 30 percent of current and future housing needs in pedestrian-friendly, mixed- use areas where residents can live, work and play, and in so doing reducing or eliminating the need to rely solely on automobiles for transportation. Implementation of the CFEC rules includes a timeline of issues for cities to address over the next several years including minimum parking requirements; studying potential CFAs; zoning actual CFAs with associated map, code and plan amendments; changing the methodology for transportation system planning to shift the focus to modes other than just automobiles; and preparing housing needs analyses and housing production strategies. Meetings to Date To date, meetings discussing the CFEC rulemaking have been held with the Planning Commission (8/9/22), Council (2/22/23) and Transportation Commission (3/16/23). ˙˾ ˱˴˴˹̄˹˿˾ʼ ̄˸˵̂˵ ̇˱̃ ˱ ̀̅˲˼˹˳ ϼ˻˹˳˻ʽ˿˶˶Ͻ ˽˵˵̄˹˾˷ ˸˵˼˴ ̆˹̂̄̅˱˼˼̉ ʸ˂ʿ˃ʿ˂˃ʹ ˱˾˴ ˱ ̀̅˲˼˹˳ open house held in Talent focused on the potential climate friendly areas (4/13/23) for Ashland, Talent and Medford. 3J Consulting conducted initial stakeholder interviews early on, then distributed questionnaires at the 4/13 open house, and has since conducted on-line surveys. The feedback received through these interviews, ́̅˵̃̄˹˿˾˾˱˹̂˵̃ ˱˾˴ ̃̅̂̆˵̉̃ ˸˱̃ ˲˵˵˾ ˹˾˳˼̅˴˵˴ ˹˾ ̄˸˵ ̀˱˳˻˵̄ ˽˱̄˵̂˹˱˼̃ ˶˿̂ ̄˿˾˹˷˸̄Ͻ̃ meeting. ˠ˿̄˵˾̄˹˱˼ ˓˖ˑϽ̃ The current phase of implementation to be discussed tonight is a draft study of potential CFAs to see if they can meet the CFEC requirements, determine likely code changes that would be necessary for each to comply with the CFEC rules, and to identify potential strategies to mitigate the impacts of gentrification or displacement within the proposed CFAs. The potential Climate Friendly Areas (CFAs) identified for consideration in this initial study include the Croman Mill District, the Railroad property, the Transit Triangle, and the downtown. Each of these is discussed in detail in the draft study presented for ̄˸˵ ˓˿˽˽˹̃̃˹˿˾Ͻ̃ ˳˿˾̃˹˴˵̂˱̄˹˿˾ ̄˿˾˹˷˸̄ʾ ˔̂˱˶̄ ˣ̄̅˴̉ To implement this current phase of the CFEC rules, staff have been working with 3J Consulting (3J) for the public engagement process and with the Rogue Valley Council of Governments (RVCOG) to conduct spatial analyses and prepare the draft CFA report under review tonight. A key consideration with the draft report is that it follows the methodology set forth in the CFEC rules and associated guidance provided by DLCD by looking at the full potential developability of each CFA as though the entire area, less an allowance for public streets, could be developed from bare ground, with all buildings maximizing allowable heights and building lot line to lot line, without consideration for code- required on-site stormwater detention, parking that might be voluntarily provided (even though no longer required), or any project-specific open space, plaza space or landscaping. Under this methodology, the potential build-out of the Croman Mill District by itself is envisioned at a density of 79 dwelling units per acre yielding 5,142 dwelling units and more than providing for the 30 percent of current and future housing required under the CFEC rules. While the Croman District by itself could satisfy the CFEC requirements based upon the methodology prescribed in the new rules, for staff the underlying assumptions of that methodology do not seem totally in line with real world experience. First, in those areas where there is some measure of existing development such as in the downtown, it is neither realistic nor desirable to assume that all existing development will be razed in pursuit of this new vision. Second, while parking is no longer required, it seems safe to assume that developers, tenants, buyers and financial institutions will all desire at least some amount of parking to accommodate the motor vehicles which are, at least for now, still the preferred transportation option. Third, even with allowances for increased height and the removal of limits on density, in the near- term developers will likely work within the framework and scale familiar in southern Oregon. With these factors in mind, staff believe that the combination of CFAs under consideration here are a more realistic attempt to not only meet the CFEC requirements, but also to achieve their underlying intent. To that end, staff note that, if future development were to provide only 15 dwelling units per acre density which is one of the minimum development metrics under the CFEC rules, the four combined ̀˿̄˵˾̄˹˱˼ ˓˖ˑϽ̃ ˹˴˵˾̄˹˶˹˵˴ ˹˾ ̄˸˵ ̃̄̅˴̉ ̇˿̅˼˴ ̉˹˵˼˴ ˃ʼˇˇˀ ̅˾˹̄̃ʾ ˤ˸˵ ̀̂˿˺˵˳̄˵˴ ˸˿̅̃˹˾˷ need required to be addressed under CFEC for Ashland is 3,469 units. ˞˵̈̄ ˣ̄˵̀̃ By ˔˵˳˵˽˲˵̂ ˃ˁʼ ˂ˀ˂˃ the city is required to forward the final study of potential CFAs to the Department of Land Conservation and Development (DLCD) for review. This is only a study of potential CFAs - it is not a land use decision, is not subject to appeal, and does not bind the city to ultimately select the ̃̄̅˴̉ ˱̂˵˱̃ ˱̃ ̄˸˵ ˳˹̄̉Ͻ̃ ˓˖ˑ̃ʾ ˣ̄˱˶˶ will incorporate input from the Planning Commission tonight and bring a final draft back to the Planning Commission for a recommendation and then to the City Council for approval in advance of the December submittal deadline. Also by ˔˵˳˵˽˲˵̂ ˃ˁʼ ˂ˀ˂˃ʼ the city is required to modify parking codes to comply with the CFEC rules. Under CFEC, since December 31, 2022 cities have been unable to enforce parking mandates within ½-mile of frequent transit. With this next phase to be completed by the end of this year, cities have the option to either eliminate parking minimums citywide or to adopt parking regulations from a menu of options ˶˿̂ ̂˵˽˱˹˾˹˾˷ ˱̂˵˱̃ʾ ˙˾ ˑ̃˸˼˱˾˴Ͻ̃ ˳˱̃˵ʼ ̇˹̄˸ the Rogue Valley Tra˾̃̀˿̂̄˱̄˹˿˾ ˔˹̃̄̂˹˳̄Ͻ̃ ʸˢ˦ˤ˔Ͻ̃ʹ ̂˿̅̄˵̃ ˁˀ ˱˾˴ ˁˇʼ ˽˿̂˵ ̄˸˱˾ ˈˀ ̀˵̂˳ent of the city is not subject to parking minimums and remaining areas are generally either already developed or constrained by hillside lands, floodplains or water resources. Staff have been working with 3-J Consulting to audit the land use ordinance with regard to parking. As of early June, the cities of Portland, Tigard, Salem, Corvallis and Bend have all entirely eliminated their minimum parking requirements, and this is the option that staff will be recommending when we bring back potential code changes for Planning Commission review later this summer. In the next phase of implementation, by ˔˵˳˵˽˲˵̂ ˃ˁʼ ˂ˀ˂˄ the city will need to formally adopt CFAs by amending the zoning and comprehensive plan maps and making associated code and plan amendments to accommodate the required 30 percent of housing within CFAs. Climate-Friendly and Equitable Communities Why this Rulemaking In 2007, Oregon legislators adopted a policy and goal to reduce Oregon’s climate pollution by 75% by 2050. That’s what the science calls for, if we’re going to avoid catastrophic impacts to our environment, communities, and economy. Fifteen years later, we’re far off track in our efforts to meet those goals – and we’re already experiencing real-world impacts of climate disruption, with increasing wildfires, in size, severity, and timing, and record heat waves that have cost Oregonians their homes, and their lives. We’re particularly off-track in reducing pollution from transportation, responsible for about 38% of Oregon’s climate pollution. On our current path, Oregon will only reduce transportation pollution by about 20% by 2050. That means we’re polluting far more than we hoped, meaning more extreme weather events, more wildfires, more ocean acidification, and more record heat waves. In response, Governor Brown directed state agencies to promote cleaner vehicles, cleaner fuels, and less driving. Meanwhile, the State of Oregon is grappling with a troubling history and current patterns of inequity and discrimination, including in our land use, zoning, and transportation investment (and disinvestment) decisions. Wealth and health have been concentrated in the privileged, at the expense of others. This rulemaking aims to take some steps in redressing past harms. Rulemaking Overview and Desired Outcomes The Land Conservation and Development Commission launched the Climate-Friendly and Equitable Communities rulemaking in September 2020. The commission directed the Department of Land Conservation and Development (DLCD), Oregon’s land use planning agency, to draft changes in Oregon’s planning system for communities in Oregon’s eight most populated areas (see map at right). The rules require those communities to change their local transportation and land use plans to do more to ensure Oregonians have more safe, comfortable ways to get around, and don’t have to drive long distances just to meet their daily needs. The rules also aim to improve equity, and help community transportation, housing, and planning serve all Oregonians, particularly those traditionally underserved and discriminated against. What does that mean on the ground? It means having some areas where rules don’t get in the way of more walkable neighborhoods. The rules ask 15 communities to designate climate- friendly areas, and to allow people to build taller buildings providing more housing. The rules don’t require taller buildings, but make sure those buildings are allowed. In climate-friendly areas, a minimum density standard would help ensure transit can serve the neighborhood. Other provisions of the rulemaking call for new buildings to support the growing electric vehicle transformation, reduce one-size-fits-all parking mandates, and increase local planning requirements to address critical gaps in our walking, biking, and transit networks. The rules ask communities to identify transportation projects needed so our climate goals could be met. The rulemaking is mainly about letting climate-friendly development happen where people want to build it and the market calls for it. There’s a lot of demand for housing where people can walk to where they want to go. While single-family homes will continue to be allowed and provide most housing, Oregonians have a diverse set of housing desires and deserve more affordable and climate-friendly choices. Those could better meet the changing shape of American households, as nearly a third of homes hold just one person. But again, people can choose what best meets their needs. Equitable Mapping, Engagement and Decision-Making One central outcome of this rulemaking is an increased emphasis on equity. The rulemaking has worked to integrate equity, starting withthe rulemaking charge and title. Equity was key as DLCD attempted to have the composition of the advisory committee reflect the diversity of Oregon’s communities, and equity was one of the first tasks tackled by the group. The rulemaking advisory committee spent significant time at many of its meetings discussing equity, and developed an Equitable Outcomes Statement to guide the rulemaking drafting and implementation. The rulemaking conducted a racial equity analysis of the rules and an analysis on how the rules could be improved to serve people with disabilities. The committee subsequently reviewed a table listing how each item in the Equitable Outcomes Statement was or was not brought forth into the draft rules, and what next steps might be. The rules define traditionally underserved populations to include Black and African American people, Indigenous people, People of Color, people with limited English proficiency, people with disabilities, low-income Oregonians, youth and seniors, and more. They require mapping of traditionally underserved populations, local consideration of a set of anti-displacement actions should decisions contribute toward displacement, centering the voices of underserved populations in decision-making, and regular reporting on efforts to engage traditionally underserved populations. Climate-Friendly Areas A climate-friendly area is an area where residents, workers, and visitors can meet most of their daily needs without having to drive. They are urban mixed-use areas that contain, or are planned to contain, a greater mix and supply of housing, jobs, businesses, and services. These areas are served, or planned to be served, by high quality pedestrian, bicycle, and transit infrastructure to provide frequent, comfortable, and convenient connections to key destinations within the city and region. Why are climate-friendly areas important? A key component of Oregon’s plan to meet our climate pollution reduction and equity goals is facilitating development of urban areas in which residents are less dependent upon the single occupant vehicle. Before the automobile became common in American life, cities grew more efficiently, with a variety of uses in city centers and other areas that allowed for working, living, and shopping within a walkable or transit accessible area. Over the last 100 years,the automobile and planning practices have served to separate activities, creating greater inequities within cities and widespread dependence upon climate- polluting vehicles to meet daily needs. Climate-friendly areas will help to reverse these negative trends, with some actions taking place in the short term, and others that will occur with development and redevelopment over time. The rules require cities, and some urbanized county areas, with a population over 5,000 within the seven metropolitan areas outside of Portland Metro to adopt regulations allowing walkable mixed-use development in defined areas within urban growth boundaries. The rules for the Portland Metro area support implementation of the region’s 2040 Growth Concept. Areas will be sized to accommodate a portion of the community’s housing, jobs, and services. Local governments will determine where these areas will be located, but many of these areas will likely be established in existing downtowns that may currently allow for mixed uses and higher densities. Associated requirements will ensure high quality pedestrian, bicycle, and transit infrastructure is available within these areas to provide convenient transportation options. The rules provide a process for local governments to first identify potential climate-friendly areas, then later to adopt development standards for the areas best-suited for this purpose. The rules provide some minimum requirements for climate-friendly areas, with a set of clear and objective standards that may be adopted, or a process for local governments to craft their own standards. Cities of more than 10,000 will monitor housing production within these areas over time and develop strategies to facilitate desired development. Reforming Costly Parking Mandates Excess parking has a significant negative impact on housing costs, business costs, the feasibility of housing development and business redevelopment, walkability, air and water pollution, climate pollution, and general community character. Parking mandates force people who don’t own or use cars to pay indirectly for other people’s parking. Carless households tend to be the poorest households. Parking demand varies significantly from development to development, and about one-sixth of Oregon renter households own zero vehicles. Planning practices of the past have imposed a one-size-fits-all requirement everywhere, creating incentives to own more cars and drive more. The rules encourage the diversity of parking needs to be met by the diversity of development. The rules would reduce or remove costly parking mandates for desired types of development, such as smaller housing types, small businesses, childcare facilities, multi-family housing, and historic buildings. The rules would completely remove parking mandates within one-half mile of frequent transit and three-quarters of a mile of rail stops, where parking demand is lower per unit. The rules give communities options to improve parking management. Those who adopt best practice parking policies would get more flexibility. The rules require cities with over 100,000 population that choose to continue to mandate off-street parking to eventually charge at least 50 cents per day for 10% of on-street parking spots. Getting Ready for Oregon’s Electric Vehicle Future Making our vehicles cleaner is a key part in meeting Oregon’s climate goals. Oregonhas a vision where 90% of new vehicles will be electric by 2035. To meet that goal, we need to ensure people can charge their vehicles. The most convenient place to do so is at home, but many Oregonians live in older multi-family homes that would be very expensive to retrofit. Thus, the rules require new housing and mixed-use development with at least five units would include electrical conduit (pipes) to 40% of spots, ready for adding wiring and charging stations to support electric vehiclesas the market expands. Planning for a Future of Transportation Options DLCD and other state agency partners including the Oregon Department of Transportation will provide a range of new and amplified services to help meet greenhouse gas reduction goals, including grants, technical assistance, tools, and publications, to help local governments adopt plans that meet or exceed the state’s climate pollution reduction goals. Local governments in Oregon have been required to make coordinated land use and transportation plans for decades. The updated rules would require local governments in metropolitan areas to: Plan for greater development in transit corridors and downtowns, where services are located and less driving is necessary; Prioritize system performance measures that achieve community livability goals; Prioritize investments for reaching destinations without dependency on single occupancy vehicles, including in walking, bicycling, and transit; Plan for needed infrastructure for electric vehicle charging; and Regularly monitor and report progress. Planning to Meet Our Climate Goals DLCD’s regional greenhouse gas reduction program allows areas to work together to consider statewide, regional, and local needs and issues. The flexible regional planning process allows communities to study economic development, fiscal impacts, resource use, pollution impacts, and the effects of different choices on the state, region, community, or households. The results are intended to help local government community members, elected and appointed leaders better understand issues and quantify the effect of potential policies as they review and update the area’s long-range plans and make investment decisions. The rules expand requirements for regional plans to meet the state’s climate pollution reduction targets from the Portland metropolitan area to the next largest metropolitan areas in the state (Eugene-Springfield and Salem-Keizer) initially. Other metropolitan areas will be required to evaluate their local plans towards meeting the state’s climate pollution reduction targets and amend their local plans towards meeting the target. Community Engagement We’ve heard from lots of Oregonians over the past eighteen months. We’ve heard from a 40-person advisory committee including representatives from all of Oregon’s impacted eight urban areas, several people who are home builders, realtors, representatives of the trucking industry, affordable housing advocates, land use advocates, community-based and other community- serving organizations. To supplement those deliberations, staff held two separate series of virtual community conversations in 2021 – five in the spring, and four in the fall. Staff have hosted a series of nine technical work group meetings on specific topics, a series of practitioner meetings with local government staff in each region, and dozens of additional meetings with local elected officials, planning staff, and interest groups. Upcoming conversations include events focused on what will be needed at the community level to support implementation and ongoing engagement strategies. We’ve heard from hundreds of Oregonians who have attended one or more of the scores of meetings, community conversations, work groups, or practitioner meetings, and from hundreds of people who’ve submitted comments (summary here). Our rules are better for it, having continued to evolve and improve. But the engagement won’t end there – the rules require local governments to engage their communities as they make key decisions on how the rules apply locally. If you’re interested in these issues, we encourage you to stay engaged. Implementing the Rules: Resources and Timelines Local governments are responsible for implementing the rules. Many of the rules take effect when a community next conducts a major update of its Transportation System Plan (TSP), a community’s core document describing its transportation needs and future plans. The rules state most plans should be updated by December 31, 2029. The rules have Salem-Keizer and Eugene-Springfield areas on a schedule to do regional scenario plans and update their TSPs by the end of 2027. The land use components of the rules have specific deadlines. Communities are asked to study potential Climate-Friendly Areas by December 31, 2023, and adopt Areas by December 31, 2024. Parking reform is scheduled to happen in two phases - the first at the end of 2022, and the second by June 30, 2023. Communities may ask for some flexibility around most of these dates. DLCD is providing or working to find resources for local governments to do this work, along with our agency partners at the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) and the Oregon Housing and Community Services Department. The Oregon Legislature provided $768,000 to assist with implementation on land use, and ODOT has identified another $18 million to assist with transportation plan updates. Learn More Information on how to get implementation updates via email and many additional materials can be found at www.oregon.gov/lcd/CL/Pages/CFEC.aspx Contact Information Evan Manvel, Climate Mitigation Planner evan.manvel@dlcd.oregon.gov 971-375-5979 Cody Meyer, Land Use and Transportation Planner cody.meyer@dlcd.oregon.gov 971-239-9475 Kevin Young, Senior Urban Planner kevin.young@dlcd.oregon.gov 503-602-0238 July 2022 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 155 N First St P.O. Box 3275 Rogue Valley Central Point, OR 97502 (541) 664-6674 Council of Governments Fax (541) 664-7927 City of Ashland Climate Friendly Area Study Council of Governments Rogue Valley Council of Governments Rogue Valley Council of Governments Rogue Valley Council of Governments Rogue Valley o o o o o o o o o o o o Council of Governments Council of Governments Rogue Valley Rogue Valley Climate Friendly Areas Study City of Ashland, OR June 9, 2023 R ogue Valley Council of Governments 155 N First St P.O. Box 3275 Central Point, OR 97502 (541) 664-6674 Fax (541) 664-792 Memo DATE: June 27, 2023 TO: Planning Commissioners FROM: Derek Severson, ˠ˼˱˾˾˹˾˷ ˝˱˾˱˷˵̂ RE: 2023 Planning Commission Retreat Prior to the June 27 study session, staff will distribute a Doodle poll to gauge th Commissioner preferences for a date and time ˶˿̂ ̄˸˵ ˓˿˽˽˹̃̃˹˿˾Ͻ̃ ˂ˀ˂˃ ˑ˾˾̅˱˼ Retreat. ˤ̉̀˹˳˱˼˼̉ʼ ̄˸˵ ˓˿˽˽˹̃̃˹˿˾Ͻ̃ ˱˾˾̅˱˼ ̂˵̄̂˵˱̄ ̇˹˼˼ be 4-6 hours, and include time to socialize, discuss timely topics, share a meal, and make site visits to recently approved projects which are now completed or to city facilities. There was discussion this year, after reviewing the recent Water Treatment Plant (WTP) application, of visiting the existing WTP and Reeder Reservoir. In recent years, the retreat has occurred during the work week, typically from 8:00 p.m. to around 2:00 p.m. and has included coffee and pastry in the morning and catered lunches. Based on Commissioner discussion at the last meeting, it seems that a late afternoon/early evening time (3:00 to 7:00 p.m.) during the work week may be preferrable. Staff will bring doodle poll results with proposed retreat dates to the meeting. Commissioners may wish to bring their calendars to the meeting to confirm and finalize the retreat date. It would also be helpful to hear any preferences in terms of discussion topics or sites to visit.