HomeMy WebLinkAbout2002-1203 Public Forum Docs SubmittedNovember 28, ZOOZ ~ ,'~ '~,~'~ "='~-~ .=
Dear Ashland City Council: ~ i~ .......... ;.~ ~
The members of ~he Board of Batte~ Rogue, our young dancers, and ~he~r
parents, are ptanntng ~o a~end ~he meeting o~ ~he Ashtand Ct~y Counctt on
December 3, zeez.
We are going to request ongoing funding for Ballet in the Pork for years to
come of the amount no less than $8,000 per year. This amount of funding from
the City of Ashland would allow us to generate matching funds from donations
which are neccesary to produce three shows of Ballet in the Park each summer.
We would appreciate it if you could find a moment to read an attached letter
of support from Barbara Allen before Tuesday's meeting.
Thank you very much!
Respectfully,
Andrew Axer
Board of Directors
Ba!let Rogue
Windermere
Van Vleet and Associates, Inc.
November 12, 2002
Dear Ashland City Council:
I would like to voice my support for the Ballet Rogue.
The Ballet Rogue has been a beloved City tradition for over 18 years that enriches the
lives of countless young people. The significance of the time and energy contributed to
this important effort by dedicated families is immeasurable, bringing a unique aspect of
the arts to Southern Oregon and making Ashland a special place to visit, and a wonderful
place to live.
Ballet in the Park (BIP) is a distinctive series the value of which cannot be
underestimated. What city of our size presents such a singular event? Not only that,
many BIP alumni have gone on to join professional dance companies, including the San
Francisco Ballet, the Boulder Ballet and the Joffrey Ballet. Others have become dance
teachers, or successful leaders in business and the arts.
With the high cost of attending the theater, moviegoing, etc., the Ballet in the Park series
gives young families and seniors, locals and tourists alike, the exceptional opportunity to
enjoy and appreciate a professionally performed cultural event at no cost our City can
be proud of this.
Approximately 700 people attended last year's only BIP performance. With additional
funding, we could sustain more than just one show. Obviously the Ballet Rogue must be
funded adequately if it is to continue. The projected budget to present three BI~ events in
2003 is projected at approximately $16,000. It would be a huge help with fundraising if
the City would give a significant contribution of $8,000 for 2003, or half the amount
needed.
Barbara Allen
Leo Zupan, Broker ~ ~ John Zupan, Broker
375 Lithia Way · Ashland, Oregon 97520 'l'~ ~i I 117 East Jackson Street
Medford,
Oregon
97504
(541) 482-3786 · Fax (541) 482-4273 ~..,..~'-'--'aEar*. (541) 779-6520 · Fax (541) 779-2268
ANDREW A. KUzmitz, M.D.
Physician & Surgeon ---
Fam~ Practice
595 NORTH MAIN. SUITE 1
ASHLAND, OREGON 97520
(s4.~) 4s2-sss,.a
Dear City Council Members.
I am concerned about a global problem which has to be addressed locally: light pollution.
Not only does this pollmion cause havoc for a..qronomers, it robs us and our children of
~he joys of~he night sky. 51ore ~han 2/3 of Americans and 1/2 of Europeans can no longer
see ~he ~'lilky \k'ay and are luck)' to see more ~han just a handful of stars. Mm~y kids
when they Ik-st see at rural 'dark sky remark' "it looks just like a planetarium!"
Fortunately, th/s is not a dL-5]cult problem ~o solve because the problem is not m much
~he lightkng, but the inefficient use of the lighting. If the right choices are made when
installing 1/gh~ing, we can :'~over our night skies without ~eater cost or 10ss of ~curity.
In fact. many times ~.he riaht choices are more economical (less "wasted" light into space)
and more safe (improving visibility because of less glare). The International Dark Sky
Association h~ been h~ e.~ence for 13 years and has provided frei guidance for many
commun/~ies in making the_~ choices. Enclosed you will fred some examples of their
information sheets.
So, I propose that the City of.~hland require that new lighting conform to the guidelines
of theInternational Dark Sky Association will not be the *~' -
~r_,t ~o do so. Many cities
throughout the world have already done so, as have four states (and eleven more ,qmes
have aciion pe;'~dkng). Le:s :~o what we c~'~ ~o -ecover our dark skF'..,siiand ;akes pr/de
in doing "the right tlzing", i ;?&."& this is the "right thing to do".
Sincerely,
Andre Kuzmitz, MD
OCTOBER
1 - 5 Kentucky. The Western Kentucky
Amateur Astronomers will hold
their 13th annual Twin Lakes Star Party at
the land Between the lakes National ~..,.e-
ational Area's Golden Pond Observatory. Con-
tact the observatory at 270-924-2234 or Ross
Workman at planetman@vci.net.
" - 5 California. The San Jose Astro-
J nomical Association is hosting the
third annual CaJStar dark-sky observing star
party in lake San Antonio, west of Highway
101. Call Mark Wagner at 408-356-1125.
...., _ ".. New Mexico. The National Public
:> ) Observatory, in cooperation with New
Mexico State Parks, will host the City of Rocks
Stars-N-Parks Star Party at City of Rocks
State Park. Contact the observatory at 505-527-
8386; jgHkiso@zianet.com (John Gilkison).
~ - 6 Tennessee. The ninth annual
-J Peach State Star Gaze, spon-
sored by the Atlanta. Astronomy Club, will be
held- at the White- Water Express camp near the
Georgia-Tennessee border. Contact Ken
Poshedly, 1741 Bruckner Court, Snellville, GA
30078; 770-979-9842; poshedly@'bellsouth.net
4' - 1- Rhode Island. The annual As-
) troAssembly convention, hosted
by Skyscrapers, Inc., will take place at Seagrave
Memorial Observatory in North Scituate. Con-
tact Bob Howe, 216 Washington Rd., Barring-
~on, RI 02806; howeb 1136@aol.com.
4-6 Arizona. The University of Ari-
zona Alumni Association will hold
its annual Astronomy Camp for Beginning
Adults at Mount Bigelow and Mount Lemmon.
Contact Don McCarthy, Steward Observatory,
at 520-621-4079; dmccarthy@as.arizona.edu.
4 - 6 Iowa. The Quad Cities Astronomi-
cal Society invites everyone to its
Eastern Iowa Star Party, to be held at the
St Ambrose University observatory site on the
Wapsi River Environmental Educational Center
north of Dixon. Contact Cecil Ward at 563-355-
9278; ocular30mm@yahoo.com.
1
The International Dark-Sky Association (IDA) will hold its fall national meeting outside of Tucson,
Arizona for the first time in its 13-year history on October 25-26 in Boston and Cambridge, Massa-
chusetts. For more information see the announcement on this page or go to www.darksky.org.
This satellite night view of North America, showing the continent awash in light pollution, was
i made by Craig Mayhew and Robert Simmon of NASAlGSFC (see the April issue, page 48).
~ J
4- 6 New Jersey. The South Jersey "1' - 6 Belgium. The 16th annual
. Astronomy Club will hold its sixth) JVSNVS Amateur Weekend will
annual South Jersey Star Party at Belleplain be held at Barkentijn in Nieuwpoort. Contact
State Forest in Cape May C04~ty. Contact Paul Frank Tamsin, Brieversweg 147,8-8310 Brugge,
Ostwatd at Pdu~lwdiJ;dUi.cOin. Belgium; +32-50-35-88-{ L;-neeiai@VVs.be.
4 - 6 Pennsylvania. Everyone is in-
vited to the i 6th annual Stella
Della Valley Star Party, sponsored by the
Sucks-Mont Astronomical Association, at Camp
Onas in Ottsvi1le. (ontact Ed Radomski at 215-
822-8312; ejrado@prodigy.net.
4 - 6 Tennessee. The Tennessee Star
Party 2002, hosted by the
Barnard-Seyfert Astronomical Society, will take
place at Camp Nakanawa near Crossville. Contact
Rocky Alvey (Dyer Observatory) at 615-373-4897.
4 - 6 Ireland. The Shannonside Astron-
omy Club will host its 16th annual
\~hirrpool Star Party in Birr, west of Dublin.
(o:1tact David Bell at sdbell@gofree.indigoJe.
,... Virginia. The Virginia Association of As-
) tronomical Societies' annual convention,
sponsored by the Richmond Astronomical So-
ciety, will be held at Randolph-Macon College
in Ashland. The public is invited. Contact Terry
Barker at 804-379-8175; tbarker@i2020.net
12 Virginia. The Northern Virginia As-
tronomy Club is hosting its 20th annual
NOVAe Star Gaze at Franklin Park in Purcell-
ville,40 miles west of Washington, D.C. (ontact
Bill Burton at 703-648-6904; bburton@usgs.gov.
25 - 26 Massachusetts. The Inter-
national Dark-Sky Associa-
tion (IDA), in association with the New England
Light Pollution Advisory Group, wilf hold its
Fall 2002 National Meeting at the Boston
Museum of Science and at Harvard College Ob-
servatory in Cambridge. Cosponsored by Sky &
Telescope, the event is open to the public and
features guest speakers, technical talks, and ex-
hibits. Contact the IDA, 3225' N. First Ave., Tuc-
son, AZ 85719; 520-293-3198; ida@darksky.org.
"'l 0 - NOVEMBER 3 Mississippi. The
J 20th annual Deep South Regional
Stargaze will take place at Percy Quin State
Park near McComb. Contact Barry Simon, 842
Crystal St., New Orleans, LA 70124; 504-283-
7592; bsimon615@aol.com.
.AMATEUR EVENTS announces upcoming gatherings and other happenings. To list an event, send your announcement to Jill D. Considine
(ca1endar@SkyandTelescope.com) at least three months in advance. Include the name of the event, its exact dates and venue, the sponsoring organization(s),
contact information, and e-mail address and home page, if any. Late or incomplete submissions \'.ill not be considered. Not all events will be listed.
76 October 2002 I Sky & Telescope
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- 15 August 2002 ~qlume 41S.1ssue no 6899 ---- .-~".-'
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SlowdOVttn will undermine reform
France's new research minister f~tough- chafl~"oes in introducing much-needed changes into the research system. Her
difficufties are compounded by impending budgetary constraints. '.
"saCrifice research, and the entire rJ:ure of our countrr is
compromised." So proclaimed Fre:lcb presidential candi-
date Jacques Crurac during this spr=~g's election campaign.
If elected, he said, he ','ould launch "a national mobilization plan for
:esearch and innoYation~ and boost research spending from 2.15%
to 3% of GDP by 2010. The thousands of scie::ri5c jobs created under.
L,e pre\;ous government ofLionel Jospin ~'fel1 fur short of needs':
But 2010 is a long '\way a\':ay, and reality:s bitiJ'lg no\\~. By mid-
September; Jean- pierre Raffarin, Chirac's prwe rr.ink"1er, must some-
; ~O\\' rliJd billions ote~os from a sluggish eco:lo:nyto par for his boss's
; ~Z\~~~ election promises. .A.5 a result, resear6 :.s $et to be sacrificed in
:-1e September budget. The finance rninistry~ :e?Q:-:ed to haye called
II for steep reductions in public research spena:ng and cuts in research
" .lobs" These have been forcefully resisted by Oaudie Haignere, astro-
: ::au: 2...'1d minister for research and ne\,' tech:Jolog1es (see page;' 11).
~;: -~,:-e~:=:-;d~ ;.:~::.~;= t:-~::-.:se.3 :'~;:t ili;; ~.'::.:;=:" .~ -_~: ~.:-.: b~ (~t~ :-.-..:t
i mz\"be the best Haignere can hope for is a (a: e,: =~::>.. buceet.
i 5~e has done the alcuJations. To reach ;q ~y ~C.l 0, ~d takLJg
~ :"1e niost optimistic scenario, \,'hereby priy,~e-s.e~or spending on
i :esearch ,,,'ouJd increase three times faster :ban the public spend,
; :be former \\'ould need to climb by 8.60/0 ey::y ye2.r until the end of
: t..,e decade, and public spending by 4.20/0 aru:::..illy. The government,
i \\ith the industry ministry in the drhing s~t, ho~ to encourage
s'Jch iJlcredible gro\"ui in research spending. ~ pa.-Jcular in the Efe
~ie;)ces, by subsidies and ta.x breaks. But byfci1i~g to :x.ost the public
5~lor, the government risks a dangerous imb~~j=e.
Seven \\'eeks into her .lob, Haignere canno::.e b~a::Jed for the poor
~~dget prospects loomb1g. Given the political COn!e-\1 it is doubtful
r
Save starry nights
Cities should stop lighting up the heavens.
From the Ponte di Rialto in Venice on a clear nicllt vou can see
every star in the constellation Ursa J\fuor. In ;eariy all of the
~'or]d's other cities, from Ne,\' York to Sydney, you can't \Tenice
bas maintained the prhilege of a starr)' s~1' because it has no traffic,
and because public lighting has, until no,"', ~~\.2YS been subdued, in
keeping \\'ith the city's romantic architecture. 3ut e\"en \'enice's night
slq'is DO'W threatened by a ne\\' mayor \\~ho supports the introduction
of mercury street lighting.
Fortunately, hopes that light pollution .....ill Dot ~'orsen are not
completely forlorn. Over the past decade, the small but passionate
lobby for legal standards in outdoor lighting, spearbeaded by the
International Dark Sk)' Association in Tucson,.-\rizona, bas \\;tnessed
the passing oflighting la\\~ and ordinances in se\'eral US states, coun- .
ties and cities, and more recently in Europe, notabl)' in Lombard}' and
other Italian regions. The Czech government passed a lighting control
12\\" in February this year; it is the only such nationalla,,- in existence.
The stars are our rightful heritage. ~1oreo\'er, light pollution
I interferes \\'ith ground-based astronomy, ~JIbs human sleep and
upsets nocturnal \\ildlife. None of that moves the beans oflegislators,
~m '"RE: VOL..] 811 S AUGCST 2oo2! "",,^,'.naturc.comlnarurr
that any science minister could have "'on a de--~nt budget. The big
question about Haignere, a political neOph}1e, is ,,-hether in future
she "ill be able to defend research in the ferocious "'orld of politics.
Each new science minister in France_ f~ces the same old challenge:
n-~sforming a top-heavy, overly complex, slo-v."-moving ship into a
nimble craft ,,"here mone)' and people can circulate more freely and
be concentrated on the best science. In that conte.n, Haignere ma)' be
exactly the kind of mirJster France needs. Rather than rearranging
deck-chairs on a sinking ship - almost all the key science indicators
sho\\" France lagging behind most of its E::.:opean neighbours -
Haignere seeks to pursue a productive strate-gy ~ ,,-hich the ministry
a:1d the research conunuJliry identify critical a:eas ".here tangible
progress can realistically be achieved.
The areas emphasized so far are those needed to transform France's
cer:tralized and feudal syst~J1 from ,,;thL~, :,y in,iecting flexibility:
=-:-~bg up the \"i~:;J fo:c~ of ycu~g s.dt::~~ ~y ~o:1::~r:trGt':::g
resources on ghing independence to the b:ightest minds \\"ith ,the
best projects, and seeking to redistribute more ~,ds competith:ely
on the,basis of excellence, rather than sha:ing c..~ong existing labs.
Haign,~re Vt'ants to put an end to premature recruitment to full..time
posts >'by creating an interim postdoctoral phase offering attraC1jye
conditions to young scientists ,,'ho must then prove their\\'orth.
Impending research spending ,..'ill be a far cry from Chinic's
pledge of a &Chistoric commitment going beyond anything done in I
tbe past': This ,,-ill not only compromise F:a.T)ce's future, but also
make Haignere's alreacy difficult task of sh~i..-:g up France's rigid
a.'1d inflexible science e\'en harder, as there \->.ill ~e no sugar to help
S\\.al] 0\\' the necessary pills. .
~
ho\'~ever: they tend rather to be S\\'ayed b)' the economic argument
that light thrO\\!l sidev-'zys and upwards is \\c.steful of energy.
!\1ost of the 12\\'s relate only to state..funded lighting, and set a limit
on light pollution, rather than banning it completel)', even though
there is now no shortage of companies that can pro,'ide pollution-
proof fittings. }.~ore and tougher 1a,,'s are required to meet even the
modest goal of not '\'orsening light pollution levels, and this requires
a lobby that "ill be taken seriously. The International Dark Sk7
,Association harnrrnedto tJ1'ESCO (the United~ationsEducational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization) for support. tJNESCO has
given its powerful 'world heritage' status to i30 cultural and natural
sites wor1dv.ide - Venice among them - and initially wanted to get
the night sky on the list. But its 0\\'I1 rules require that the heritage to
be protected belong to a particular government.
lJl\LSCO is apparently considering a proposal to create a list of
heritage sites that nobod)' O\\'l1S, such as the oceans and Sk1'. Human
health might not be damaged by a lack of starlight, but the quality of
urban citizens' lives "ill be significantly diminished if the night sky
is 3,eailabie to th em oni)' in pianctari WIl~_ .
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. calendar notes
April meteors. The l~Tid meteor shower has been
observed for morelhan 2.000 years, producing in
most years just 10 to 20 Lynds per hour. But there
have been some remarkable exceptions. In 1982
the rate unexpectedly reached 90 for a single
hour. and 180 to 300 for a few minutes. And on
April 20, 1803, the residents of Richmond, \-It-
~ upon being rousted out of bed by a fire bdL
";ere startled to see great numbers of meteors in
all parts of the s}..:y.
This year's prime vie\\i.cg time is-before da\\"Il
on ~ronda)., April 22nd. OD,e the wa.xing gibbous
~Ioon sets around 4 a.m. caylight sa\;ngciine, ~'le
Skoy should be fairly dark for an hour or so t:.~:il
~oming t\\oilight seriously inurferes.
Lunar occultations. Sl-:""at,hers across nor..h-
e::1 Europe can e).,-pect a c::..-::atic naked-eye SF~':-
~de on the evening of o\;ril 16th. The 'r~-:e:lt
~!..)on rasses directly i., :TJnt of Saturn, ca~:..~g
~oe planet to disappear a....~c b:er reappear at t.~~e
C::1\'e:sal Times: .~s:er6.:n, 20:54, 21 :~9; Be:~'1,
:e:';9, 21 :30; Bern, : 1: 11, : 1 :24; Brussels, 10::9,
:! ::8; Copenhagen, 20:';:. : 1::8; Dublin, 20::~.
:::::: Helsinki, 10:30. :!::~: London, : I:,)},
:! ::5; Paris, 21: 1 0, : 1 :::: ?:2gue, 10:54, : 1:3::
5:~kholm, :0:34, 11::5.
This Saturn occuha::o:: :z.kes place at mid.:z~;
:.-: :lonhwestern :\or..h o~e::-:a, so a telescope \..-::
~e required. Here a:e 10-:.:.1 ca:.light saving c:::es
0:: o~Fril 16th. CDT: Re~_-:a. SK, 1:48 p.m., ::3:-
t',::1, .\IDT: Edmonton. .~. 1::..;2 p.m., 1:4: F.::'-:
CifJry. .~t 12:38, 1 :36. p~ T: Portland, OR. 11 ::5
a..::1., 12:20 p.m.; San F:a.::::s..:o, CA, 11:18, 11:5~:
5eJ~Je, \,9.-\., 11:27, 12:::: \.a.~.;ou\"er, Be, l1~O,
1:::9.
Observers in Hawaii h2\'e t\".o nice occultatio:,.s
i.~ o~pril. In the early-rr.o~g hours of April ~s:.
~~e brig::tt limb of the \'"l..~g gibbous ~ loon C.:"'.
e:~ :.~~ double s:a: 3e:.l ~ Scorpii at 12:36 7:7'0.
E.;waii time (at Honolch: -.; :.ie star pops bad~o:;:
0:: the dark limb at l:~: a.m. Then on the (yecir.g
of o~pril 17th. nurne:ous faint stars of L~e open
:::.:.ster ~t35 will sIir ~~ind the dark lim~ or t.~e
~~>.:ent ~ioon around 10 p.m. Ha\\.aii ~e.
Asteroid occultations. On April 16th near :::-~
L""7. minor planet I:~19 EYFerborea hides a :-:.~.
:::':;f::~t~de star in C,--~:er for up to 6 se':J~.:iso
:-:S eyent occurs on :..~e evening of ~lonc.:y~ :::e
1 :t.~ (local time), for observers in a pat..' i:-or::
:e::::al Idaho to no:--.::e:-n ~linnesota and O:l:l:iO.
L~ter the same "'e~k, \,i:hin a few r.1:.~:.::e5 0:
:-:.;8 li on April ~O:.~. 139 Jue\\.a passes in =:0nt
of a lOth-magnitude s:;:.; l..;~ .lrgo. The \,ice Fat.;
i...:~!udes the porulou cities of ~Iontreal, De=oit.
C~~ago:-Den\'er'~(aL~o5:1. d San Frands~o. Fo:
. h h d. th ..
5:-'-",'atc ers \," o::.:~ :.,..~~~~ 1n e pa~. u:e
,~::::bi."1eci iignt oi t.~e s~ar ana asteroiJ ",ill Ci:':l
=:: .l :-.:~l r:!~gni~~ce :0=.: .;:-C':.:: 16 seconds.
7he finder charts fi...en ~ere go as faint as 1::::
:-- Light-Pollution Notes,: Connectic~t's Darker Sky \
Last year, Connecticut passed an especially strong law that requires full-cutoff
light fixtures - those releasing no light above the horizontal direction - on
all roads in the state (5& T: September 2001, page 25). Connecticut's dark-sky
activists have had other notable successes, too.
Arthur Upgren, an astronomer at Yale and Wesleyan Universities, has been in-
volved with the light-pollution issue almost as long as anyone. He produced a study
of the lighting on the Wesleyan campus and got improvements instituted. He is
credited with teaching the first-ever college course on light pollution. Upgren serves
on the Board of Directors of the International Dark-Sky Association (IDA).
Bob Crelin is a Connecticut graphic-design artist who, like Upgren, has spearheaded
successful pushes for local lighting ordinances.. Among his astronomical outreach proj-
ects, he has created a wonderful little book for children and the rest of us, There Once
Was a Sky FuJI of Stars. (Publishers take note: this book deserves wider distribution.)
erelin also helped originate GlareBuster, the first full-cutoff fixture intended for home
use. It was chosen as one of Sky & ieiescope's Hot NewPiodu~u of 2001 (December
issue, page 38). You can learn more about this device at www.the9Iareb~ster.com;
see also page 50 of this issue.
Yet another ~onnectjcut ~ctivist is Oiff Haas. First ~isit ~~is superb ~~b.sit~ at http:// i
members.aol.com/ctstarwchr/, then keep going to LiteLyrix (as'he calls ~is list.of links). ~
It's a phenomenal avenue to hundreds of artides and" other; i"nfo.~tio~{s~urceS: He ~ main~ ~
tains this list impeccablY. If you want a full-blown education on light .pOl~~tion, you can ~
: get it by spending a few days at Cliff's site and IDA's www.darksky.org. "- FRED SCHAAF
L
98 April 2002 I Sky &, Telescope
magnitude and "ill help in locating the target
stars. ~1any other ~dtations by asteroids \,-e:e
described by Da\;d \,.. Dunham in last mont..~'s
issue, page 92. He e..'=P1ained that the pre(:.ic:ec
raths are often re\-:s.e-d L~ t.~e days leading up :0
an event.
Jupiter's Red Spot. Here are the l.nh'e:S<.l
cates and times \,Oh~:l ~~e ~enter of the Great R~:
Spot should cross h:piter's central meridian. :::e
L~aginary line do\,-n L~e center of the pl~~e:.s
disk from pole to Fo:e. T:'1e spot has been p~2e c:-
apge-tCL'l in recent y~~. It appears slightly rno:e
distinct when Jupi~er is vie\.:ed through a Eg.:.:
green or blue filte:-.
April 1, 4:32, 1.;::5; 2, 0:14, 1e:~2Q: 15; 3,
6:11, 16:0i; 4,2:03, 11:3;, 21:5~; 5, i:50, 17:~6~ 6,
3:42, l3:3-S, 1~:;3; :, 9-.19, !9:25; !r 5:21. 13:17; 9,
.-J
::11,11:08,11:0';: 10, ~:JQ, 16:56; 11, 1:51, :::';-.
2~:43; 12, 8:39. 18:35; 13, 4:31, 14:26; 14, 0:::,
10:18,20:14; 15,6:10, 16:03; 161 2:01, 11:5i, 21::::
17, 7:49, 17:45; 1 S, 3:';0. 13:36, 23:31; 19, 9:: 5.
19::4; 20,5:19,15:15; 11,1:11,11:07,21:0.3; 21,
6:59, 16:54; 23, ::;'0. 11:';6, 2::41; 24, 8:.38, ~ 5::';:
23, 4:19, 14:25; 26, 0:11, 10:1i, 20:13; 2i, 6:09.
16:04; 28, 2:00, 11:56.. :1:5:; 29, i:48, 17:';'';: 30,
3:39, 13:35, 23:31.
These predictions assUr.1e the Red Spot is z:
jo\'ian System II lor.gi:ude SOC, the most re~e:::
value pro,oided by Jo:..n \\"0 :\kAnally of the .:..s;c,-
ciation of Lunar and Planetary Observers ('""\\,...2:1
.arizona.edu/aIpo). If it has moved elsewhe:e, "it
,"-ill transit 1 ~ mhn::es late for every 1 C of long:-
rude greater than SO:, or 1;" minutes ear:.y for
every 1 C less than 80:.
Features on Jupiter appear closer to the e:ent:al
meridian than to the limb - and thus are ,,'d!
placed for vie\\'1ng - for 50 minutes before and
after their transit tL-nes.
Variable-star maxima. April 1, T Columbae,
051533, 7.5; 2, R-Pboenkis, 235150, 8.0; 4, V Cas-
siopeiae, 230i59, i.9; 6, RR Scorpii, 165030,5.9; 7,
T Normae, 1536$4, i.4; 8, R Aquilae, 190108, 6.1
(see chart, August 1985, page 149); 14, R L~"'Dcis,
065355, 7.9; 151 T Herculis, 180531, 8.0; 18, V
Coronae Borealis, 154639, 7.5; 19, T Centac.ri.
133633, 5.5; 21, R Horologii, 025050, 6.0; 21, W
L}T3e. 181136. 7.9 (see chart, May 1990, page
524); 25, RT Cygni, 194048, 7.3.
The data above are, in order: the day of the
month near \te'hich the star should be at ma.-o-
mum brightness; the star's name; its designation
. ._. ~ ....... .. .... .-. .:_-:-. ;., III
rlanet Jupiter, Saturn, ~~d l-ranus are
surrounded by rich .planetary" srstems
of their o\,-n thttmust have condensed
out of orbiting disks. '\nen a planet has
planets, \..'e call them moons, but the
Cistinction is probably meaningless.
-D.T.
r landmark light-
Pollution law "'
CO~~ECTlccr H.A.S BECO~~E THE Fl RST
~:zte to require nearly c.JJ ne',- 2nd re-
?!2(cment 5treetligi::s \,ithin its borders
:0 ::zye hfull-cutofi- f_\-::lres that keep
::fht from glaring 5:~e\\"~ys or up into
:::e s~~.. The s,,'eeFi::g :le\,. ]a\,- arplies
:: 0t .~ est 10 state-o\'":: ej :::f.:: \\'2YS bl:l : C
:\-::-y :oad 2nd ~:et! ~ Co::nectict;! ~s
: ~.9 ~~:ies and 10~'"::S - -,,'hich control
:\.~~f}-"~Y 98 ?cr~e::.: ::- :"~t s:2te's ] 89~OCI:
~::::-c:lj fhts.
:\oad\,.cy lightir:g is eS::::121ed 10 G::':S-:
:- 3 :0 50 percent of :.:;e ~incial skYfJc',.:
:.~at h,ngs over pOF:uz~ed regions. .~s
:X:S:L-;g f.i.AlUreS \,'e,r o::t :..~ey ,,-ill free-
'..:!:Jy ~e replaced ,,'1:"; f~ il_~Ul0ff one5~ ,
;:o~ess th2t \,Oill t,ke 13 or :0 years -
:-~t "ill cost essern:aDy ::othing. Fun.
':-,-~oif 5treetJigbt$ ~:~ ::~\..- Z':::il3 ble c t
.. . , .. ,.
:..-:e S!r:1e prIces as c.cer oe~;g~s.
T:-:e la',. is in~enc~~ :0 (cr:serye eJe(.
::!(:~. G:Jd to redu(: \~~:"=,ilj~'- hin deri:: f
f:,:e ,$ ,,'ell as : 0 s~~"e ::: e s.:ars. It
;~~s=d '="'o:~ ;~~o-":~cs c:' ::.e s:,:e Je5i5:G~
: ".::e '':::2nir:1o~ s~y ~:=: e: ~ ~\ yeaTs of "'0::':
:-y 2. :.e',. Hght-polh::jo:: c:..::h'~sts. "Jt '..',5
.; ;t::-ect ilh,J 5!ra:j c:: c:. .: ':e:com in g
~~:e?:jd5m C.n d ]a ck::- 2.,&:,:e::fSS by ec-
'': ~':::1g~ ec uca tin g~ e~:: ~c :i:: g)~' S2YS 3c:
C:eE:1 of Branford. "O::.:e-you explain ::
?eoF]e ".hat this is ,:'o~!, :~ey say, 'Oh
::e,h, of course, that rr:akes total sense:~
.;cth'ist Cliff Haas of ~ock)' Hill ad6~
"The beauty of it is ilic! \,Oe get the g]a::
(l:.:t of ~he commun::y. .!._-:y light that is
e)"e- friendJy \,~ill also be 5~.Y- friendly."
Tne text of the 1~\,9, ,,-hich could be-
come a model for oL~er states, is a\'2il-
~bJe at hnp:l !,..~\'"\.;.cga.st..2.1e-ct usJ2Q91 lac-J
Pal 2001 P.A -00] 34. ROOHB-0544 9- P A.h tT:';..
Four other states have passed pollution
regulations for lights that are state-
o"~ed(and action is pending in 11), but
Connecticut is the first to address the
rnucn larger issue of municipally o',,'ned
lights at the state Jevel - A. ~~t
"'
,
m
kiI:I
rU\"U~ UI~
The Stull Observatory - JJf:.ed University
~ NewYn
ASH -OOWfs pictU~ house 8.9,1 4t. , E.2': I"'(! 32 inch ins1 rurvnents.
The siI teie$:OpeS located It this sr.e l"'t ope~ted by the Division
of ~-sa: 5.:iences ttrough the As:~ ~~ AJfred
Uri~rsi't)' o.~~ the stu:Sent I inte~ .~~-on. prDg!'arn.
The putJlic is i'Mted during open houseS.
ASH NAJlJFACTURING COMPAA-r
F.e. &ox 312
P.airf."Od. '..L.USA. 60544
S'S <36 90403 FAX 815 436 1C32
we..~e.: www.ashdome.eom
emat e-.stom~hshdo~~
Ash-Dome i~ re~;~::fo: i-::e~atiO!iall)' b)' r:-.ajo. a$:-:.,~mi:al ~~oups, arna1e~"'$. ~~..i-s=-:ies, cotle~es
secondary & pr;~.a1' ~~ 1o~ ther. penom-.an::E d.:~;~' G~O dependability. Ma~..a":" E-~e-=ically
:~~a,ed un~s ir: s::e! ~:~ ! ~: 3~ ,~! in ~f~er- !f-.$:=,I~. o~j:e. Brochures c~: t:-:-~:.c.~::>ns a\"ailabJe.
o \\~ ~ T _. _ LEG E ~ :)
TIJe sOt/; AnniverSai0' Li1nited Editiou
\'\-C' i.re r':euec 10 ,,~ounce a special 50:12 li.nnil1Cr5ary' 11r.:::t.: E.,;:::cn of the
o=-5g:inaJ Q:;es:u S:andard to cOrr'...~e::lo:atc a half centu1)- of ~~ce l..'1spired
by Uw'7)o ;:,~7::eI'S exquisite desig.1'l.. O:.:.r technicians perso:.alJy ~:y that each
of ::.ese :50 r.a.ndcc.fted lelc~COpes, equipped \\ith sil\'cr-~~~d quar~
c;:,:jcs~ ::: ~et or exceed l/l om wa\'cfro:)t ..~ccessories include a ~...i:::i..-1ll..~- made
lec:her ~-:.~g a.!-c \,"ith br2.ss co~bination locks, fu1l2pe::-.::e s.o:ufiher,
P,,"'e:p.:.ide, and both 24mrn z.nd 16mm Brandon t:'er:e~.
Rese~'e yow~ toda)'.
~~QUESTAR~
: 2'Xl' D-JeS-.a- Co1>C~". tr-" 1..;-.a.'I'l J\oad. N!'fe' H~~. FA · ~fS3e. USA · Tel 8002~'~ ':T 2':f6:t~77. Fax 2'f..&52..~~2
wwv..Oaesta~or..:ort. E.maI: Oues1ar(llerolt.=:D
Sky & Telescope I September 2001 25
-'"
~
~
~
c
c
Cl)
>
ClJ
Cl)
.!:.
oloJ
0
.....
C:J ~
-c
::l
C'l
flow ,,'hen the r.JO:1t.~ ends. Satur:J :.s
::0W st"rting its own retrograde cree;.
::1c'-:ng ver)' slo,,'ly \\"e5;-\,'ard in rel,,:ic:l
:~ :':.c ba..:kgro-t:nj ~:~:s. 11 brightc:::s _-:
::ef2:i"e magnifude a:;d crm:"tically 0:::-
s:::...-:es AJdebar,,;1 ,,::d ::'Je Hyades, \,:-i=::
0,ir:J.Je Just a binocuJc.r's field a\,',,:'.
?or steady images of Saturn and ::s
::0.... devastatingl)' be,,-.:ti.ful rings, \.:~:
".:::ril t~e planet is wr)' r.igh in the so'-.":...~"
. ,
sC';.::l::\,'est near oa\\"":1.
Jupiter jump up bro the sk)' a li:-~:
::1ore th"n two hou:s after Saturn du:i::~
O.:-;ober, \\"hile brigh:er::::g to magni::;,::
-:.'; "rJd gro\\"ing !O ::1ore than 40" \'.-::e.
:: :s s]O\,'ing to aL':1ost s:ationary i.:1 :"'~e
::-.:cc~e of Gerr.ini " ;'e..- degrees fre:
_.. '... ;) C::,~:~'c:'"'...:::1 I \~el:blJc;:) ~:-.:
=- e::" 0) Geminor;;::1 l \\"as"t). On 0="
:=:er 7:h Jupiter re"e!:es quadrature, ~::
.es: 0i the Sun, a ~ee,r;.e:ry th"t lets ..:s
'ff :::e eclipes c,f ::5 ict;r big Gali:e2::
---
j
i
::;OO:1S better. Juri:cr is in t~e south "rld
::ifhest in mor::L;g :."i!ight this mon:.\
,,:1 oPFortune ri:::e :0 try to study d:e
'::::21:S oi its rieh c;o'..1d :'e"tures.
Venus rises .i-.:n ~efo:e u~e hrst flea::1
c: :::ornir:g ;-\,'ilig:-:t :}:roughout Octoba
:::.:t is most exci:-=_;g :0 see in the f-'o-:cl
'\eek of the mO::!..1. Tbt's ,,'hen it for:::s
G ::0se and end::.::..-:g FGir \,'ith !\1ercury.
f,~ercury is at i:::.e~or con}unction ,\i:";1
::-.e ~'..:;1 on OClO:-er ] .;:..., G:Jd yery di::1,
:.:.:t :t races ODt :70::1 '-....e solar glare ,,::d
t.;-;,';:1.=oe ,,,.;'h ;.........~.;:Io-:,:-.... ~~:C"\...=~ss Yer"\"
.___-...;1 ..... _.~...._~.....=- ~'.J::.l.&~JJ~ 4.
s;':::':ly. By Octo:,er ::::,:i'-:\:ercun' is ] 5:
::-C::1 ~e S'..ln Z;jj ;:~.J~t 5c belo,,' \ ~en;;s.;
i~ ::u also brigh:e:;ed :::c.:e t~2n 1'\'.0 ~i:~"
....:....:::es iZl [o1.:r c,,~'s :0 s:-:::ie "t +0.8.
.",~"':;:t ~c:'?::-:s :-.::.:i ~5 ~c,:--e Z:':J :-:-:2:-.
'.;:,..:s. For J] C2~'S, ::;~:::::j::g Octo;:,;r
:7:..."'::. :\!erc'..:ry a::d \"e:::.:s s:"y ,,"ithi:1 j:
c.; each other! ::;:::arh:\ through01.:t
::.:s ?eriod the "'.':0 ::e':er n.,\"e a :r......e
Light-Pollution Notes: Recent Victories
Good news for dark-sky activis:s WGS p;entiful in the first half of 2001. rViem-
bership in the International Da~~.Sky Association (www.c!uksky.org) sur-
passed 7,000 and keeps growi:i; by leGps and bounds. On May 16th the
U.S. television network ABC broadcast a:i ucel:ent feature on the WG}'S light pollu-
tion can trigger significant biomedical p~:ble~s.
Connecticut dark-sky activist Clifford i-:aas now has received two letters in which
Connecticut Senator (and recent vice.presidential candidate) Joseph Lieberman ex-
presses concern about the problems of bad outdoor lighting. Meanwhile, Connecti-
cut's new light-pollution law, passed in lime, rr.ade a big brfaktnrowgh.!t mandates
ful!-cutoff lights on' all streets and roads - not just those owned by the state (see
page 25 of the September issue). Earlier this )'ear Colorado also passed a statewide
light-pollution law, and other states are working to do so.
Perhaps no victory was as sweet as the rKent accord in Vermont that will protect
the threatened mecca of telescope makers, Stelfafane (see page 28 of the August
issue or www.stellafane.com for details).
L
96
Ono!>er 2001 I Sky & Telescope
conJunction in r:~t .as:ension, where o:Je
rlanet passes d:.:e ::cr-~, or south of ~e
other. They do ::z:'e ....,'0 conjunctio::s :rJ
ediptic longhi'de, bc"'e"er, on October
.3C:h and ~o\"t::-.:cer .3rd, as Belgian as-
tronomer Jean ?\~;e-..:.s has pointed 0'.:1.
..!.....jd they do b'..e ~\o aplmlses (closest
"FFroaches in :::e sJ..-Yl: 0.590 ap"rt near
22~ l'nii"ersal Ti..-::e 03 October 29th and
0.650 apart at o=- L."T on ~oi'ember .;,-1),
~ot for another :'..e ye"rs will these two
','orlds share a:;o:::'er wquasi-conjunction"
'being within 50 of e"cn other without a
co.njunction in ri~t ascension) - a:Jd
:::.at one will be ;e:5 :..-::rressii"e.
\\nat's impc'r:2::t this time is tbt
\'e:ius and !\1e:c-.:::; a.-e readily visible eae:'
::~z:- ::-:orn:;;g :~~=-:-":f::2'...:t ::-:e en:::e ~:.
.:"y period. It 1:e:;: ::.at :\1ercury reac::es
fre"test elong"tie:: : 9: from the SD:1) on
O.:-;ober 29th, the ::;et ?:anet's best mO::1-
~;g "pparition of::.e ::ear for \'iewers a.
:::ienonhern la:i:-.: ces. :\1ercury is eye...
"'::i'..lsual1y bright ~-:;.3 ::-;agnitude) at G..s
~re"test elongatic.::. "~.::d on the nnal da: 0
d October Spic" 14-: :.e seen rising belo..,'
'.'enDS and Mer".::-".
b telescopes, try seei.jg Venus's ] 01;'"
",'jde gibbous fO:r:l a.;d ~1ercury's le~s-
:.1.;"n-7".wide se:::i.:'.:cJe together in ~1:e
s"me field of ,ie',..
The full (Ha"est) Moon occurs on
October 2nd. Its ""ui."Jg body rises r:,ec.r
5aturn on October 6:11 and ith, and soon
"ner Jupiter on the ~..h. A thin lunar ces.
cent hangs far above \.enus on Oct<>ber
].;th, then well to i:s lo.....er left the "."le>.1
cay. l-..ner becomir.g :Jew on Oct..:>ber
] 6th, the Moon thickens in the evening
sk1' until hining first quarter not f.n to
the lower left of Mars on October :l3rd.
. . . . .
::.~..::\?,//:~.;/?r~.:~?\~>:::'.>.:.::'.;"..:::i:::;'.:,:,~::,,>:.--: .:::.-:::: :".... ... ::.. ,.'.
.,. . .,. . . ..,.,. ':
. ..:: ,.. _':: :::.._ :.:: :.0.:: '.: '>:'. :::-.~ :':..:_: ::.; 0.::::-. - .. ", :: . ~ .::.' .: ;"_
. ','
., .'
. .
1lIiIIIiiI'-~'~-"-'-' .. -.. ,- ._~,..,-,-"-~. C_"_mA~',.
IGEOGRAPHICA
. NGS RESEARCH GRANT
Climbing the
Family Tree
I
'.
E\-er since their beginnings,
primates have been splen-
didly adapted for life
in the trees-at least until
our hl)minid ancestors
climbed down from
the canopy a few mil-
lion years ago.
~ow scientists have
discoYered that this life-
sn.le likely existed much deeper
in the family tree, back in
the time when eutherians, the
group that represents about 90
percent of living mammals
(including placental mammals
from rodents to humans), had
r
SKYWA TCH ING
Dark Victory
The night skies over central
Europe just got a little
darker. The Czech Repub-
lic has become the first country
in the world to enact a national
law against light pollution.
.'\. growing problem worldwide,
light pollution is caused by bright
nighttime lighting that disperses
beyond the area intended. In
cities, lights that project upward
can obscure the stars and planets,
a problem for astronomers. But
stargazers aren't the only ones
affected, Glare caused by poorly
designed light fixtures also
degrades visibility for drivers
and pedestrians.
The Czech law requires mod-
ification of fixtures such as this
L--
. '.' . .
.,~...------:,,--,~".~._,. :~.
begun to differentiate
themselves from mar-
supials (mammals with
pouches).
A team led by Ji Qiang
of the Chinese Academy
of Geological Sciences has
unearthed a 125-million-year-old
fossil of a seven-inch-Iong euthe-
rian called Eomaia scansoria,
or "dawn mother who climbs," in
':.' . '.. '.'
." .'
. . '"
. ........ .
...... .
Y_~.:;.~~,~:.::{..~;,.~.:..,<..Y/;\::: ::.:.:- .
. .' .;~ ..' ":".>> .:.:--'
'.' ..'
.-
. ,.
..
Liaoning Province. It's so well
preserved that its fur, teeth, and
tiny foot and hand bones can
still be distinguished. Eomaia's
fingers and toes are long and
tipped with curved claws, adap-
tations for life in the branches.
The fossil is about 50 million
years older than the earliest
eutherians previously known.
Because those creatures weren't
adapted to life in trees, most
paleontologists assumed that
eutherians evolved from ground
dwellers. The Eomaia find could
m~an that today's eutherians
come from a lineage that's been
up in the trees since deep in the
age of dinosaurs.
-Christopher P. Sloan
-.
one in Prague (above), Jenik
Hollan, an astronomer at the
Nicolaus Copernicus observatory
in Brno, has already noticed
improvement on the streets, if
not yet in the skies. "Everything is
SATlONAL GEOGRAPHIC. OCTOBER 2002
.:.
.l.NOREA PlSTOL.ESl. GETTY IMAGES
much more visible, with reduced
glare," he says. Still, full compli-
ance with the law may take a
while. As Hollan notes, "There
are 40,000 streetlamps in Brno
alone." -Margaret G. Zackowitz
..J
.,
..... .......... .'
.... .-..-.....-.,--....
..:.....~ '-: -'.':': : .: '.. .: .:::: ";.. :.:.", .'.
correspondence
This leads to a very simple view of
malignant tumours and metastasis:
malignant cells are cells that can grow in
alien environments, and by a process that
is not subtle, but largely random accident,
they spread, first locally and then
eventually through the body to form
life- threatening secondary tumours.
Metastasis is merely a rare, stochastic
event: the chance escape of a cell into
the vasculature, its arrival at a suitable site
and its growth there.
Much has been made of the need for
cells to cross basement membranes, but
damage by trauma, inflammation or
necrosis can breach basement membranes,
and even normal somatic cells can cross
vessel walls (S. Koop et al. Proc. Natl Acad.
Sci. USA 93,11080-11084; 1996). Perhaps
what is crucial is that when malignant cells
are e>..-posed to surrounding connective
tissue they simply establish growth in the
connective tissue space, instead of helping
to repair the tissue organization by closing
gaps or gomg
into apoptosis (programmed cell suicide)
when in the wrong place.
Paul A. W. Edwards
HutchisonlMRC Research Institute,
University ofCa 111 bridge, Hills Road,
(Ambridge CB22XZ, UK
...............................................................................
Metastasis: objections to
the same-gene model
Sir- The model of cancer metastasis
suggested by Rene Bernards and Robert A.
Weinberg in their Concepts essay (Nature
418,823; 2002) is, in my view, a tautology.
The suggestion that the same genes are
exclusively responsible both for cancer-cell
metastasis and for the emergence and
proliferation of cancer cells is tantamount
to saying "cancer cells that can proliferate
do proliferate". It would be a great loss if
this type ofidea caused a decline in
research to investigate the existence of new
genes involved in metastasis, a major factor
in cancer mortality.
There is a finite probability that any
cancer cell that can proliferate at one body
site can also proliferate at other sites, if it
can get there and stay there. How these
two requirements are met is the real crux
of the metastasis question. Bernards and
Weinberg wish to dismiss the possibility
that specific genetic changes, beyond those
that govern proliferation, are required for
successful cancer-cell relocation.
However, the argument Bernards and
Weinberg used to arrive at this idea is, in
my opinion, flawed. They argue that cells
that acquire both proliferative and
metastatic changes will be rare in primary
tumours, thereby making it "difficult to
560
.' .
- ...
imagine how metastasis can ever proceed':
This is a remarkable proposition in the
context of a discussion of the initiation of
cancer cells, which is itself an extremely
rare occurrence. The authors' new
concept - that metastasis is not due
to a selected cell phenotype - would
be better suppo(ted by a stochastic
mechanism formulation.
Clinically, metastases range from
presentation with large primary tumours
to presentation without any identifiable
primary tumour at all. It may be that the
factors responsible for metastasis are
cancer-cell proliferation plus myriad other
small, unknowable variables that combine
to create the conditions for relocation.
This is a restatement ofthe tautology of
Bernards' and Weinberg's argument.
James 1. Sherley
Biological Engineering Dil'ision, Massachusetts
[n,::::iTC of Tccl11101og)', Cambridge, Massachusetts
02139, USA
Bemards and Weinberg reply- We
appreciate the interest that our Concepts
essay (Nature418, 823; 2002) has evoked.
But Edwards misrepresents our thinking
when he writes: "If there is little difference
between a primary malignant tumour and
its metastases, the crucial issue becomes:
what makes a tumour malignant (capable
of metastasis)?': In fact, we atgued that
there are various types of primary tumour,
some of which are preordained to become
metastatic, others not. Hence, the
differences lie between various distinct
types of primary tumour. We suppose that
in some tumours, the particular
combination of alterations/mutations
that enables cells to create a robustly
growing primary tumour cell population
also incidentally empowers them to
become metastatic. Also, we do not
imply that a single genetic change per
tumour is involved in malignancy, as
Edwards concludes.
We did not say, as Sherley asserts, that
"the same genes are exclusively responsible
both for cancer-cell metastasis and for the
emergence and proliferation of cancer
cells". Instead, we argued that there are
multiple alternative genetic pathways that
lead to the creation of a primary tumour,
each path being defined by the identities of
the particular genes that are altered during
tumorigenesis. According to our thinking,
some combinations of genes that lead to
primary tumour formation create growths
that are unlikely to metastasize. Other
combinations yield turnouTS that have a
high proclivity for metastasizing. In the
latter case, the combination of genes that
yielded the primary tumour happens to be
able to confer invasive/metastatic ability
even though these phenotypes were not
selected during the clonal expansions that
.: -.~;' .:J_.';',' '_. ....
.........:..:'
f.:
created the primary tumour mass.
We did not say, as Sherley asserts, that
cells that acquire both proliferative and
metastatic changes will be rare in primary
tumours. Instead, we said that certain
combinations of genetic alterations that
are selected for the proliferative advantage
they confer will, incidentally, also confer
invasive/metastatic phenotypes. This is in
no sense tautological. It is simply the
statement of the possibly pleiotropic
actions of certain cancer-associated genes.
Rene Bernards, Robert A. Weinberg
. Division of Molecular (Arcinogenesis and
Center for Biomedical Genetics' The Netherlands
Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam,
The Netherlands
t Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research
and Department of Biology, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, (Ambridge,
Massachusetts 02142, USA
,..............................................................................:
Chilean decree will save
nights for star-gazers
Sir- Your editorial "Save starry nights"
(Nature418, 709; 2002) states that
Czechoslovakia is the only country with a
national policy aimed at limiting light
pollution. In fact, Chile, which now
contains the largest concentration of
optical telescope apparatus in the world,
has taken a similar step.
The Association of Universities for
Research in Astronomy, the European
Southern Observatory and the Carnegie
Institution worked for several years with
the major Chilean universities and local
and national government authorities
to implement a strategy for controlling
light pollution.
In December 1998, then-President
Eduardo Frei signed a decree
to establish an environmental norm
regulating all outdoor lighting, not only
in the areas surrounding the existing
observatories, but in all of the II, III, and
IV Regions of northern Chile, one-third
of the total area of the country. The decree
states in part: "The astronomical quality
of the skies of the II, III and IV regions of
our country constitute a valuable
environmental and cultural patrimony
recognized internationally as the best
existing in the Southern Hemisphere for
astronomical observations:'
The projected savings in energy costs
from replacing polluting lights with well-
shielded, energy-efficient ones should
more than pay for the initial investment
required for the changeover.
Maxine Singer, Augustus OemIer,
Mark Phillips
Carnegie Institution of Washington,
1530 P Street Nw, Washington, DC 20005, USA
NATURE I VOL 4) 9110 OCTOBER 20021 www.nature.com/nature
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news
Biologists J.oin drive to. tum.down the, lights',:
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Steve Nadis, Boston' . .
The fight against light pollution is becoming
a multidisciplinary endeavour. Last week's
meeting of the International Dark-Sky Asso-
ciation (IDA), which would once have been
an event purely for astronomers, featured
researchers working on topics as diverse as
migratory birds and breast cancer.
Astronomers attracted little interest when
they first complained about the glow from
urban areas in the 1950s, but the dark-sky
movement has grown rapidly since the IDA
was formed in 1988. Astronomy was deliber-
ately played down at this year's meeting, and
was the subject of only one of some 40 presen-
tations. "Ifit's just a concern for astronomers,
many people will dismiss this as a narrow,
special-interest group;' says Dan Green of
the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astro-
physics in Cambridge, Massachusetts, one of
the event's organizers, "\Ve're stressing the
security, energy-efficiency, health and eco-
logical benefits of good lighting."
Cancer epidemiologist Richard Stevens,
from the University of Connecticut in Farm-
ington, provided one example of this wider
focus. He discussed potential links between
the increased incidence of breast cancer,
especially in the industrialized world, and
the way in which exposure to light at night
can disrupt natural secretion cycles of the
hormone melatonin. Low levels of mela-
tonin, which is thought to be responsible for
our daily, or circadian, biological rhythms,
have been linked to breast cancer.
Stevens cited recent studies of visually
impaired men and women, which show that
breast-cancer risk declines with decreasing
vision (P. K. Verkasalo eta/. Br.]. Cancer80,
1459-1460; 1999). Although Stevens' work
is not specifically concerned with light pollu-
tion, other meeting participants tried to
make the link, suggesting that 'light trespass'
into homes and apartment buildings from
street lights and other sources is more than
capable of perturbing circadian rhythms.
Other speakers addressed risks posed to
migrating birds by outdoor artificial light-
ing. Ornithologist Richard Podolsky of the
Technology Planning and Management
Corporation, an environmental services
organization based in Scituate, Massachu-
setts, described his research of offshore birds.
Atlantic puffins, which rely on the Moon for
navigation, become confused by illuminated
structures at sea, says Podolsky, often circling
them until they crash or die of exhaustion.
Delegates at the meeting also paid tribute
to the progress made by the IDA. David
Crawford, an astronomer from Kitt Peak
National Observatory in Tucson, Arizona,
and the IDA's executive director and co-
founder, began the campaign in the late
1960s by joining the Illuminating Engineer-
Ray ban: astronomers havc long campaigned for limits to the amount oflight pollution from cities.
ing Society of North America (IESNA), an
organization that aims to set standards for
outdoor lighting. "Two decades ago, we
hated those guys and used to run from them,"
recalls IESNA president Randy Reid. "We
thought they were a bunch of left-wing
lunatics. But Crawford persuaded us that he
didn't want to turn the lights out, he just
wanted us to direct light where it was needed,
without illuminating the whole sky." .
Japan-plans ',web of English journals
David Cyranoski, Tokyo
Japan is aiming to increase its already
significant presence in international
research by launching a set of electronic
English-language journals.
Last month the education ministry
requested YI80 million (US$I.4 million)
from the government, which is expected to
be granted by the end of the year, to launch
the plan.
The National Institute of Informatics
(NIl) in Tokyo will provide the technology
required for the journals. The institute will
also select the fields in which the first four or
five journals will be launched. The relevant
Japanese academic societies will recommend
editorial-board members. Each journal will
ask referees from across the world to review
its papers, and will be expected to be self-
supporting after three years.
The Nil will collaborate with the
Scholady PubIishiRg and AeatJemic
Resources Coalition (SPARe), an initiative
established by libraries in the United States
and Europe to reduce journal costs by
distributing online publications at affordable
prices (see Nature 398,272; 1999). SPARC will
also help the NIl to develop a business model
for the journals, and will help it to find
buyers for the new online journals, say
planners at the education ministry.
If the new online journals provide high
impact and value for money, libraries will
favour them over more expensive ones, says an
official from one national university library.
But the plan is not just about cost-cutting.
"The project carne about also because the
education ministry is keeD to enhance the
reputation ofJapan's research," says Syun
Tutiya, a philosopher and former librarian at
Cbiba University, north of Tokyo, who hopes
to set up an equivalent to SPARC in Japan.
Ministry officials are playing down the
implication that European and US journals
neglect Japanese research, but say that
researchers are frustrated at having to
submit to US and European journals. "Many
researchers prefer to submit their papers to
a Japanese journal, and will continue to do
so, because they're concerned they won't get
fair treatment elsewhere," says Mikiko
Tanifuji of the Institute of Pure and Applied
Physics in Tokyo, which publishes four
journals, including the Japanese Journal of
Applied Physics.
Japanese scientists say that a successful
journal could be a boon for research if it is
able to bring in submissions and peer
reviewers from around the world. But they
worry that the nominally international
effort could become a nationalistic enterprise
that merely advertises Japanese research.
The key to the journals' success will
be finding fields in which Japan excels,
researchers say. "The question is whether
the journals will actually be used," says
Tanifuji.
. www.nlLac.Jp
.
888
NA~!,?L.~~13].()~B~20021~~.co~ture
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Model Lighting Ordinance Template
· Purpose and Intent
Outdoor lighting is pro~ided for a variety of purposes to the benefit of modern society. For
work or recreation it enables people to see essential detail in order that they may undertake
their activities at night. It facilitates the safety or security of persons or property, for
example through lighting on roads and pathw8)'s. It may be used to emphasize features of
architectural or historical significance, and to light parks and gardens. It is used for
advertising or display to promote products or services, or to caU attention to commercial
premises by means of area lighting or signs.
It is the-intent of this ordinance to preserve, protect, and enhance the lawful nighttime use
and enjoyment of any and aU property through the use of appropriate lighting practices and
systems. Such indh'idual futures and lighting s)'stems are designed, constructed, and
installed to: control glare and light trespass, minimize obtrusiye light, CODsen'e energy and
resources while maintaining safety, security and productiyity, and curtail the degradation of
the nighttime yisual environment.
· Nature of Light Trespass
1,1.,
Light trespass is light emitted by a lighting installation which falls outside tbe boundaries of
the property on which the instaUation is sited.
Effects on residents, vehicle operators and nedestrians, the natural environment, on
astronomical ob~r'.atiolis.
· Definitions
Cut-off Angle (of a luminaire) - tbe angle, measured up from the nadir, bem'een the \'ertical
axis and the first line ofsight at which the bare source is not visible.
Footcandle - a unit of illuminance amounting to one lumen peer square foot.
Fully Shielded - a fully shielded luminaire is a luminare constructed or shielded in such a
manner that aU light emitted by the luminaire, either directly from the lamp or indirectly
from the luminaire, is projected below the horizontal plane through the luminaire's lowest
light emitting part as determined by photometric test or certified by the manufacturer.
Glare - the sensation produced by luminance within tbe visual field that is sufficiently
greater than the luminance to which the eyes are adapted to cause annoyance, discomfort, or
loss in visual performance and visibility.
lof3
12/5/2001 5:28 PM
....-.'",.-. .'-~.,+-
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J
illuminance - the quantity of light, or luminous flux, arriving at a surface dilided by tbe
area o~e illuminated surface, measured in lux or footcandles. .
Luminance - the physical quantity corresponding to the brightness of a surface (e.g. a lamp,
luminaire, sky, or reftecting material) in a specified direction. It is the luminous intensity of
an area ofthe surface divided by that area. The unit is candela per square meter.
Luminaire - a complete lighting unit co.nsisting of a lamp or lamps together with the parts
designed to distribute the light, to position and protect the lamps and to connect the lamps
to the power sopply.~ -
Lux (Ix) - the Sf unit ofiUuminance. One lux is one lumen per square meter.
Obtrusive light - spill light which, because of quantitative, directional or spectral context,
gives rise to annoyance, discomfort, distraction or a reduction in tbe ability to see essential
information.
Spill light - light emitted by a lighting installation tbat falls outside tbe boundaries of tbe
property on whicb tbe installation is sited.
· Purpose of the Ordinance
It is the purpose of this ordinance to encourage lighting practices and systems that will:
minimize glare, light trespass, and light pollution; consen'e ene~ and resources while
maintaining nighttime safety, utility, security and productivity; and curtail the degradation
oftbe nighttime visual em-ironment.
','
\ ~
· Classification of Outdoor Areas
Four environmental zones with differing requirements for tbe control of obtrusive lighting
are defined as foHows:
o E1: Intrinsically dark landscapes: state and national parks, consenrations areas, rural
areas, residential areas with minimal or no outdoor lighting, and areas adjacent to
optical astronomical obsen'atories.
o E2: Areas of low ambient light levels: suburban and rural residential areas.
o E3: Areas of medium ambient light lenls: urban residential areas
o E4: Areas with high ambient brightness; normally urban areas of mixed residential
and commercial use; a high level of nighttime activity.
· Curfew
· Recommended Limitations
20f3
121Sl2OO1 S:211 PM
-.........~:....--'...;.;:
~."~,.I"<.....--..:.~
Recommended Boundary nlumination Levels
~
-I Zone I Pre-curfew Levels (lux) I Post-curfew Levels (lux)
fEll 1 0
fE21 3 1
fEJl 8 2
"I( -.
lE4 I 15 6
I
To be measured with illuminance meter at e)'e height on a plane perpendicular to the line of
sigh t.
. Designs to Meet the Limitations
o Pro\'ide sketches and guidelines for the lighting designer, or builder; gh'e examples of
what is good.
· Lighting Calculations
· Checking Compliance.
'\'
from IES Technical Paper August 1997 by Ian Lewin, Australian Standard AS4282,
"Control of the obtrusive effects of outdoor lighting", rES Lighting Handbook.
30f3
121512001 5:28 PM
...-...."',,',~.---
AN ORDINANCE TO AMEND CHAPTER 180 OF THE WARREN COUNTY
CODE (ZONING ORDINANCE) TO ADD LIGHTING REQUlREMEN1'S AND
RESTRICTIONS
Be it ordained by the Warren County Board of Supervisors that Chapter
180 (Zoning Ordinance) of the Warren County Code be amended to the
following:
Section 180-49.2 Lighting.
"I
A. Purpose and in ten t.
The purpose of this section is to regulate the placement, orientation,
distribution patterns, and fixture types of outdoor lighting. The
intent of this section is to encourage lighting that provides safety,
utility, and security; also to prevent glare on public roadways,
protect the privacy of residents, and reduce atmospheric light
Dollution.
- .
-
B. Outdoor Lighting Compliance Statement.
The applicant for any permit for work involving outdoor lighting
fixtures governed by this Section shall submit, as part of the site
plan, evidence that the proposed work will comply with this Section.
This information shall contain but not be limited:to the following:
(1) The location, heig~~, ffiake,
outdoor lighting fixture; and
model, lamp type, and wattage of each
" ~
\:
(2) certification that the angle of total light cutoff is no more than
90 degrees; and
(3) cQG.~';:'lcl~c.l inforrLc.:':"c:'l tr~e Zcning .:'.ci:llinistra'Cor rnay det.err;lir!e is
~ecessary, including b~~ not limited to illuminance level profiles.
C. Approved Materials and Methods of Construction, Installation,
or Operation.
The provisions of this Section are not intended to prevent the use of
any design, material, or methods of installation or operation not
specifically prescribed by this Section, provided any such alternate
has been approved. The Zoning Administ~ator may approve any such
proposed alternative provided it:
(1) provides at least approximate equivalent to the applicable
specific requirement or this Section; and
(2) is otherwise satisfactory and complies with the purpose and intent
of this Section.
D. General Requirements: All zoning districts.
1 of3 1215/2001 5:34 PM
(1) All outdoor lighting fixtures, including display lighting, shal~
be turned~ff after close-of-business, unless needed for safety or
security,~in which case the lighting shall be reduced to the~inimum
level necessary.
(2) Auto/Truck filling stations. Island canopy ceiling fixtures shall
be recessed.
(3) Recreational facilities, public or private. Lighting for outdoor
recreational facilities shall be shielded according to Table F of this
Section. ~
(4) All light fixtures that are required to be fully shielded shall be
installed and maintained so that the shielding is effective as
described in the definition of a full-shielded fixture in Section
180-49.2 (h) Definitio~s.
E. Special Requirements.
Industrial and Commercial Zoning Districts,
and industrial, commercial, and institutional uses in any zoning
district.
(1) Outdoor lighting fixt~res shall comply with the shielding
requirements of Table F of this Sec~io~.
,
(2) Light trespass fro~ a property shall be designed not to exceed 0.5
footcandles at the property line.
F. TABLE OF SHIELDING REQUIREMENTS \
Fixture Lamp Type
Shielded
~c~!~~~h ?re5s~r~
C. ".-.... .~.: .:
.... '-- '.......- .....--..;'
!1erc-,~ .-::.:/ "
FULLY
~eLal Halide and Fluoresce~t over 50 watts
IncandescenL over 160 watts
FULLY
Incandescent 160 watts or less
NONE
Fossil fuel
NONE
;~y light source of 50 watts or less
NONE
Other sources
As approved by Section 180-49.
Note: Incandescent includes tungsten-halogen (quartz) lamps
G. Exemptions.
The following uses shall be exempt from the
provisions of this ordinance:
200
12/512001 5:34 PM
~
(1) Roadway and Airport lighting and lighting activated by motion
sensor de~ces.
....
(2) Temporary circus, fair, carnival, or civic uses.
(3) Construction or emergency lighting, provided such lighting is
temporary and is discontinued immediately upon completion of the
construction work or abatement of the emergency necessitating said
lighting.
(4) Temporary lighting.
(5) Lighting associated with agricultural pursuits.
B. Defi.ni. tions
FULLY SHIELDED FIXTURE. An outdoor lighting fixture that is shielded
c= constructed so that all light emitted is projected below a
horizonta! plane runni;,g through the lowest part of the fixtures.
GLARE. Light that causes annoyance, discomfort, or loss i~ visual
performance and ability.
OUTDOOR LIGHTING FIXTUrt~. An electrically powered illuminating device
or other outdoor lighting fixture including all parts used to
distribute the light a;,d/cr protect the lamp, peraanently installed or
porLable, used for ill~~ination. Such devices shall include, but are
not limited to, search, spot flood and area lighting.
,,'.
RECESSED CANOPY FIXTU~~. An outdoor lighting fixture recessed into a
canopy ceiling so that the bottom of the fixture is flush with the
--~ii-("'f
'--=___H~.
30f3
12/512001 7:38 PM
01/99 .
_.
....
International Dark-Sky Association -- Information Sheet 52
Efficient Outdoor Lighting
The efficient and effective uSe-of electrical lighting outdoors can offer rmjor energy and cost savings.
This information sheet suggests some of the things that can be done. Most of the suggestions apply to
indoor lighting as well, where they also offer significant savings. There are several clear cut measures that
can be taken to improve energy sa\ings. New, much improved light sources are now available which
provide considerably more light per unit of energy. Most newer fixtures offer better light contro~ putting
light where it is needed rather than wasting a great deal of the light produced by the lamp. Replacement
of older fixtures and lamps v,ith the newer, improved ones can greatly improve efficiency.
Lamp efficiency is measured in lumens per watt. A lumen is a unit for measuring the amolIDt of light; a
watt is a unit for measuring the amount of electrical energy used. The lamp that gives tbe most lumens
per watt is the most efficient lamp. The table below lists the lighting efficiency of some ofthe common
lamps used for outdoor lighting:
jType of Lamp iLume~ per watt !Average ~ Life (hours) I
Incandescent j 8 - 2) ; 1 000 - 2000 . I
,Mercury Vapor i 13 - 48 - - ] LOOO - 24000+ I
;Meta! B~lide IMl . 100 ; ! I UU\t\1 .- 15000 '
I. 1-- --- \I~----
;High Pressure Sodium :45 - 110 112000 - 24000
'Fluorescent '60 - 600 110000 - 24000
Low Pressure Sodium 80. 180 110000 - 18000
Incandescent: It is the most COnL""1On type oflarnp used in homes, indoors and outdoors. It is the most
energy inefficient of the common lamp types. It produces light by electrical energy heating a filament of
fine wire that glo"..'5 white-hot when the current flows through it. It produces a great deal of heat relative
to the amount of light: only 10 percent of the energy goes to producing light. It has been called a heat
source that happens to produce some light at the same time. The 40 watt bulb is often adequate for most
outdoor lighting applications, such as a porch light, especially if it is used in a fixture that actually
controls the light output rather than scattering it everywhere. Many existing fixtures are very inefficient
and waste a good deal of the light (remember that the lamp is inefficient, too). Replace incandescent
lamps with more energy efficient lamps in good fixtures. One can use compact fluorescent lamps in an
efficient fixture, or for even more efficiency use a low wattage LPS lamp in a well-shielded fixture.
Consider also time clocking any incandescent fixtures, as mentioned below.
Mereu ry V spar: It is commonly used for a number of outdoor applications, such as "security" lighting,
as well as indoors for some applications. It has a relatively long life compared to most other lamps,
especially compared to incandescent. These lamps are a quartz tube filled with mercury gas under
pressure. Light is produced when an electric current passes through the mercury vapor. Like all such high
intensity discharge (IDD) lamps, a '"ballast" is required to start and to operate the lamps at the correct
lof3
12/5120017:43 PM
voltage and current levels. For savings, one can and should use the lowest possible wattage for the
application. ~ of the existing fixtures have a great deal of associated glare due to lack o!adequate
light control WIth a good fixture, less light is wasted and lower wattages can be used. In a glare-free
lighting environment, remarkably low light levels still give excellent visibility. It is in the high glare areas,
even with much higher levels of lighting, that we have difficulty seeing well at night. When replacements
are indicated, one should replace not only the lamp but the entire fixtw-e. Use a more efficient light
source, such as MIl, HPS, or LPS, and use a high quality fixture, one that directs the light output to the
areas needed and one that is glare free. A cost analysis study will show remarkable energy saving
potential Metal Halide (MH): These lamps are used for both outdoor and indoor applications. Metal
halide and fluorescent Zu.-e noo' in a dead heat as the most energy efficient of the "white light" sources.
Metal halide lamps produce light when an electric current flows through the gas within the lamp
envelope. They are about twice as efficient as mercury lamps. Use this light source at night when it is
necessary to render colors close to their daytime appearance. As with all light- sources, one should not use
more wattage than is necessary for the application. "More light" is not always better. In many
applications, such overkill is counterproductive to visibility, especially if it is accompanied by glare.
High Pressure Sodium (HPS): Its main usage is outdoors, for street lighting, parking lot lighting, and
other such applications. It is generally more energy efficient than metal halide and is a good choice when
true color is net critical. The light produced is an orange-gold color. It's very common in the U.S.
Fluorescent: Like metal halide, fluorescent is about four times as efficient as incandescent lighting.
Fluorescent is commonly used for indoor applications, but outdoor usage is increasing. The best
fluorescent and compact fluorescent (CFL) sources have several advantages over metal halide: longer life,
a much shorter warm-up time to full brightness, ability to s\\<itch them on and offseveral times each night
v.ithout significantly shortening bUlb 1::-:,. :".'"'1 a ....d.,;.:;- l~,..t..t .1-.d :<;" spectrally much less polluting than that
produced by metal halide. DisadvanL~ _ ~ ,:..:_: ~ji::' c.;;:. _ '.JS are not available, light output is
diminished at low temperatures, and a lamp may not even'.~tart at very low temperatures.
Low Pressure Sodium (LPS): This light source is the most energy efficient of all, and it is an excellent
choice when used v.ith a quality fixture that controls the light output. The light is produced from glowing
sodiurn f'2.S v.itnh"3. tube, and so the LPS fixtures, for rugher wattage lamps, are larger than the
equivalent fixtures for HPS or MH. However, the LPS fixture is an excellent choice for street lighting,
parking lots, and security lighting. There is no color rendering at all, but adequate color rendering is quite
possible with system designs that also use a few MH or fluorescent fixtures to add a little white light. For
equivalent fixtures (ones that offer the same amount of light and good light control), a 175 watt mercury
vapor fixture could be replaced by a 100 watt BPS or a 55 watt LPS. The 35 watt LPS is equivalent to a
200 watt incandescent. It is easy to see that considerable energy savings is possible. Remember alsO that
if the installation is glare free, a lower light level offers excellent visibility. More is not always better.
Lighting controls: Controlling when and where the lights are used, how long they are on, and how
bright they are can all be a major factor in conserving energy. Devices range from a simple on/off s\\<itch
to computers programmed to control lights automatically. Turn lights offwhen not needed. Use
individual controls rather than lighting large areas off of one switch. Use timers. Don't bum outdoor
lights in the daytime. Use photo-sensors when possible. Some of the newer applications use motion
sensors for room light control, and such systems are also feasible ror outdoor applications.
Maintenance: Finally, do not forget lamp and fixture maintenance as a fil.ctor. Keep the fixture dean
from dust and dirt. Such contamination can reduce light output in some cases by up to 50 percent.
20f3
12/Sl2OO1 7:45 PM
~. . .-. '-, .-"'~~_.,..-.._-
--"~-".I""-'~-' '.,..~~
Cost Comparison Example: (Asswne that a well-designed fixtw-e is being used in these cases, so that
the light outp~by the lamp is being efficiently utilized. A bad fixture could be wasting mo~than 50
percent of the lamp's light.) Compare a 175 watt mercury (these are generally found in poor fixtures!) to
a 100 watt BPS and a 55 watt LPg lamp. All of these lamps are producing about 8000 lumens, quite a lot
of light. These are wattages that would commonly be used for residential street lighting. We assume 4100
burning hours per year, from dusk to dawn, and 8 cents (U.S.A.) cost per kilowatt-hour of electricity
(KWH). The total wattage of the system includes the wattage used by the lamp and the ballast together.
It is easy to see the potential savings achieved by utilizing efficient lamps.
;Lamp Wattage ITcJiBJ Wattage jKWH Use/Yr !Oper $/Yr 1100 lamps 110000 lamps
!175 1208 '853 1$68.22 I 1$682,200
1$6,822
I I
I 1130 :533 142.64 14,264 1426,240
1100 I I
I I 1328 126.24 I 1262,400
155 80 12,624
I I
See IDA Infonnation Sheets 1. and 26 for additional energy saving facts.
@ IDA Inc., 3225 N. First Ave., Tucson, AZ 85719-2103 USA
Telephone: 1-520-293-3198 Fax: 520-293-3192 E-mail: ida@darksky.org Web:
WNW. darkskv. ora
',',
',.
300
12I5/2ooJ 7:46 PM
..0......-4.- . ~
08196
~
International Dark-Sky Association (IDA) Information Sheet 4
Operating Data and the Economics of Different Lamps
Assume: 4100 hours ofuse per year (average nighttime hours, dusk to dawn) 8~ per KWH (typical
average cost per kilowatt-hour, the power rate)
Low Pressure Sodium
180W 135W 90W 55W 35W 18W
Initial Lumens 33000 22500 13500 8000 4800 1800
Mean Lumens 33000 22500 13500 8000 4800 1800
Lamp Wattage 180 135 90 55 35 18
Circuit Wattage 220 180 125 80 60 30
Initial Lum/watt 150 125 108 100 80 60
Mean Lum/watt 150 125 108 100 80 60
Annual K\\lH Use i
902 738 513 328 246 123
Annual Oper Cost $72.16 $59.04 $41. 04 $26.24 $19.68 $9.84
\',
\'
High Pressure Sodium
400W 250W 200W 150W 100W 70W 50W 35W
IIllth;., "_"_H~""-, 50000 28500 ') '; "-(. 'I 16CCJ 9500 5300 ~ ,",\,,,.., i 2250
_...UvV .J
Mean Lumens 45000 25700 19800 14400 8550 5670 3600 2025
Lamp Wattage 400 250 200 150 100 70 50 35
Circuit Wattage 465 294 246 193 130 88 66 46
Initial Lumlwatt 108 97 89 83 73 72 61 49
Mean Lumlwatt 97 87 80 75 66 64 55 44
Annual KWH Use 1907 1205 1009 791 533 361 271 189
Annual Oper Cost $152.56 $96.40 $80.72 $63.28 $42.64 $28.88 $21.68 $15.12
Metal Halide
) of 4 12/512001 7:48 PM
'""_....,,-~._--. ..~-._..;."."_._^'. ,.......~-~-:. _.~~~
"
Initial ~
Lumens
Mean
Lumens
Lamp
Wattage
Circuit
Wattage
Initial
Lumlwatt
Mean
Lumfwatt
Annual
KWH Use
Annual .
Oper Cost
l000W 400W 250W 175W 150W l00W 70W SOW 32W
11 0000
36000 20500
16600 13000
9000
5500
3500 ~-2500
88000 28800 12700 10350 8700 6400 4000 2500 1900
1000
400 250
175
150
100
70
50
32
1070 '" -. 456 295
215
184
115
88
62
43
103
79 69
77
71 78
63 56
58
82
63 58
48
47 56
45 40
44
4387
1870 1210
882
754 472
361 254
176
$350.96 $149.60 $96.80 $70.56 $60.32 $37.76 $28.88 $20.32 $14.08
Mercury Vapor and Incandescent ~
Initial
Lumens
Mean
Lumens
Lamp
Wattage
Circuit
Wattage
Initial
Lumlwatt
Mean
Lumlwatt
Annual
KWH Use
Annual Oper
Cost
lO00W 700W 400W 250W 175W 100W 150W. 100W.
,
55000 36400 20500 11850 7850 4100
2850 1710
, .
46200 29850 18570 10540. 7140 3230
2850 1710
1000 700
400
175
100
150
100
250
1090 765
285
205
135
100
150
455
50 48
45
38
30
19
17
42
42 39
37
35
24
19
17
41
4469
1866
1169 841
554
615 410
3137
$357.52 $250.96 $149.28 $93.52 $67.28 $44.32
$49.20 $32.80
lined up at nearly equal lumen output, to show the relative energy & cost savings. Definitions and
Discussion Points
1. The numbers in the preceding table are approximate. Lumen output depends on the bulb
manufacturer and operating conditions. Circuit wattage depends on the ballast manufacturer.
2 of 4 121512001 7:48 PM
,l. .,-oL,-." - ,~. ",,'!", _.,',_. _"""..l,.L__ ,';" ,.', ~,'
,
2. The numbers in the preceding table are for clear bulbs. Diffuse coated ("frosted") bulbs are
availabl~or most lamp types, and these will have a somewhat lower lumen output Always use
diffuse coated bulbs when the light source is directly visible from nonna! viewing angles to reduce
glare. Use clear bulbs in fully shielded fixtures or when the fixture lens is diffuse or translucent.
3. We use 4100 hours as typical of the annual operating time ofa street light or any other fixture
controlled by a photosensor that comes on at dusk and goes off at dawn. 4100 I 365 = 11.23 hours
per night. A sampling of several cities indicates that 4100 hours is typical of the hours that their
street lighting system is operating each year.
4. The U.S.A. national average for electricafutility rates is'close to 8 cents per kilowatt-hour. One
can and should use a r~te that is representative oflocal utility rates. The range is from a low of
about 4 cents (wouldn~ that be nice in your own area?!) to a high of 18 cents or more. Any
spreadsheet program makes such comparisons easy. One should allow for future rate changes,
which are most generally upwards.
5. Kilowatt-hour (KWH) is a measure of the amount of energy used. Kilowatts measure power. A
kilowatt is 1000 watts. A K\\'lI is one kilowatt of power used for a duration of one hour.
6. Initial lumens is a measure of how much light the lamp is emitting near the beginning of its life.
Most high-efficiency light sources (except LPS) decline in light output with time. LPS has a
lifetime .of about four years, and HPS about five, while mercury vapor almost never "burns out"; it
just keeps getting fainter and fainter. You can estimate the relative effects by looking at the row
titled "mean lumens". This is the average output of the lamp during its usable lifetime.
7. Mean lumens is a measure of how much light the lamp is putting out after about 1\\'0 or three years
of usage. We assume a typical lifetime for the lamp, either due to burnout of the lamp or to group
replacement. Many communities replace lamps after a specified interval, so as to minimize any
outages due to lamp burnout. The cost of a lamp is much less than the cost of an accident or a
lawsuit due to a lamp having burned out. The issue of half life and replacement strategy is
complicated, and few agree on all aspects.
8. Circuit wattage takes into account the other energy,.~s besides that of the lamp. The major energy
joss occurs in the ballast, a unit need~ to start and operate the larr.p .under conditions that it is
designed for. There are many different kinds of ballasts, and what is good for one lamp or wattage
is usually not good for another. LPS should be used with a ballast designed for efficient LPS use,
for example. The ratio oflarnp wattage to circuit wattage is not a constant, even for the same type
of lamp. See the table for ex.a..-npJes,
9. All these entries have been taken from either lamp manufacturers1 catalogs or actual operating
experience in different connnunities. The figures given in the table are sort of an average of all that,
and as such should be typical of what is being used in any specific location.
10. Lumens/watt is a measure of operating efficiency: total amount of light from the lamp per power
used.
11. Annual K\VH use is also a measure of operating efficiency, as it tells how much energy is used each
year. Naturally, don't use more light than one needs (more light is not always better!) as that uses
more energy.
12. Typical wattages for major highways or streets would be 180 or 135 or 90 watt LPS, or 400 or
250 or 150 watt HPS, or 1000 or 400 or 250 watt Mercury Vapor. Typical values for residential
streets might be 90 or 55 watt LPS, or 150 or 100 or 70 \vatt HPS, or 175 watt mercury vapor.
Typical home security lighting might be 35 or 18 watt LPS, 70 or 50 or 35 watt HPS; please don't
use mercury vapor, as it is no! very efficient. Always use full-cutoff fixtures for all applications!
13. Annual operating cost is another measure of operating efficiency, of course. It tells bow much one
must pay for energy usage in order to operate one given fixture for one year. In some cases, the
cost of the fixture is less than the annual operating cost! Payback times when replacing inefficient
:fixtures with energy efficient fixtures can be very short. Quite often, a one-step-Iower-wattage bulb
30f4
121SI2001 7:48 PM
-.;,..-....,......""'.
~"~"":'I"'::'"
\
(and ballast) can be ~ resulting in lower operating costs.
14. Of co~, there are other costs for any given installation. Maintenance, lamp replacement,
replacements due to accidents and breakages, depreciation, whatever. Generally these-are "a wash"
as all systems have similar costs.
15. As you look at the table, be sw-e to notice the bulb wattages that give similar light output for
different types of lamps. For example, 35 watt LPS, 70 watt HPS, 100 watt Metal Halide, or 175
watt Mercwy Vapor give similar mean lumen outputs. Such comparisons can offer guidance as to
the tremendous savings that can be obtained with more efficient light sources. Keep in mind,
though, that an inefficient source used intTequently uses "less energy than a highly efficient source
that burns from dusk tq dawn, 365 nights a year. Thus, an incandescent light that is activated by an
outdoor occupancy sensor \',ill usually have a lower operating cost than a dusk-to da\\n HPS
security light, for example.
There are other overall considerations as well. For example, not all fixtures are equally efficient at getting
the light produced by the lamp out of the fixture and onto the area needing the light. One should always
use efficient fixtures as well as efficient lamps. Many old fixtures are not efficient, as they were designed
at a time when energy was cheap and efficiency was low on the priority list. For example, "globes" throw
more than half their light output upwards. Today, there is no excuse to use any such inefficient fixtures.
Please help st~ them out. Use efficient full-cutofffix1ures for all applications. Install as recommended,
of course, to insure that the light output is used, not wasted producing glare and uptight.
@ IDA Inc., 3225 N. First Ave., Tucson, P\Z 85719-2103 USA
Telephone: 1-520-293-3198 Fax: 520-293-3192 E-mail: ida@darksky.org Web:
.
www.darksky.orq
,.
,.
40f4
121512001 7:48 PM
2197
~
International Dark-Sky Association - Information Sheet 26
Economic Issues in Wasted and Inefficient Outdoor Lighting
Let's consider the energy use of inefficient outdoor lighting fixtures. A very common fixture seen
everywhere throughout the qnited States~ in cities and in the country, is the 175 watt dusk-to-da\\l1
mercury vapor light. It is used for yard lighting, security lighting, and street lighting. It contains a
photocell sensor switch to turn it on at dusk and offat dawn, hence the name "dusk to dawn". Quite a
number offixture manufacturers make such a unit, and many utility companies promote its use for
"security" or "safety" at night. We see ads proclaiming "Light Up the Night", all in the interest of security
or safety or some such thing. All this is in light of the fact that there is more crime in the daytime than at
night, that there is more crime in well-lit areas than in dark areas (compare the light level in New York
City to that in a typical rural midwestem city, and the crime level in both locations, for example).
Due to all this advertising, most ofus have come to identifY lighting at
night (good or bad) v.ith safety. The world runs on perception. not on
reality. IDA believes that quality lighting can and does promote safety,
security, and utility at night. We are definitely not opposed to quality
lighting. We are definitely against poor lighting; lighting that causes glare,
light trespass, urban sky glow, and that compromises visibility rather than
helping us to see. Such poor lighting wastes light and energy and money.
.
Lefs look at the 175 wan dhsk-to-daV.l1 mercury vapor light in some
detail. It retails for $29.95 or even less. The system uses about 210 watts
of overall energy when we consider the ballast and other factors. Most
security lights and street lights are switched on and off by a photocell, sometimes as part of each fixture,
s.ometirnes controlling a group of fixtures. These dusk-to-da\\'l1 lights burn approximately 4100 hours a
year (4100 / 365 = 11.23 hr per night), and this value is nearly independent of the latitude of the location,
as the seasonal effects average out over the year.
A typical J 7S wan dusk -to-da" n
mercury vapor light
Multiply: 210 warts x 4100 hours = 861 kilowatt-hours (KWH) energy used each year. At 8~ per K\\JlI
(the national average electrical energy cost: some places are lower, but just as many are higher, some
even mice as high), the average cost of operating such a lamp is about $69 per year. That is over twice
the purchase price of the fixture. Vv'here energy costs are hig~ the annual energy usage costs over three
times as much as the fixture or more. And this is for a fixture designed to last 20 to 30 years. Here we
have a prime example of how those who look only at the initial cost are unaware of the real costs. We
must take a long-term view. Tucson (about 600,000 population) probably had over 20,000 such lights
until a mass change-over to better lighting sources was accomplished. (The local utility replaced several
thousand of these mercury lights that they owned; think how many more are owned by private citizens.)
So the annual operating cost of these mercury fixtures in Tucson alooe was nearly 1.4 million dollars.
The population of the United States is about 500 times that of Tucson. So the annual operating cost of
that single type offixture is over 700 million dollars. Ifall of these fixtures were replaced with quality 35
watt low pressure sodium fixtures (getting better lighting as well), the country would save over 500
million dollars per year.
10f3
12/512001 8:21 PM
Let us consider now the wasted light. At least 30 percent of the light coming out of the fixture is totally
wasted (with~ even considering the energy inefficiency of the mercwy lamp). It is light going up to
brighten the sky, and light coming out at nearly horizontal anglc;s. Such light only causes glare and light
trespass, doing nothing to light up the owner's property, but doing a lot to offend neighbors like you.
Some have estimated the wasted light at well over 30 percent. Have a close look at one of these fixtures.
What do you think?
Thirty percent of$700 million is about 200 million dollars. That is money totally wasted. The wasted
light is doing nothing to pro~de security, safety, or utility at night. It is only burning coal (most of the
power in the United States if produced by coal burning), producing additional air pollution and acid rain.
We have enough of that already.
Consider now all the other bad lighting. Billboards and other signs lit
from below (much of the light output is wasted). Advertising
searchlights. Lighting up of building facades with lighting fixtures
that are not well controlled. Poor quality street lights, parking lot
lights, and other area lighting. The many lights that burn all night
whether they are needed or not. How many lights do you see nightly
that have too much glare or too much wasted light? Look around!
Let us conservatively assume that the added wasted light from all
other outdoor light sources is five times the amount coming from the
175 watt mercury vapor lights. Then the total wasted money being
used to produce the totally wasted light is five times 200 million =
One Billion Dollars a year! '
Let's look at the amothlt of coal or oil being wasted to produce the
wasted light. It takes, on the average, 0.47 tons of coal (940 pounds)
to produce 1000 KWH of electricity, so one ton of coal can produce
2100 KWH of electricity. It takes about 1.8 barrels (76 gallons) of
crude oil to produce 1000 KWH of electricity, so one barrel of crude
oil can produce 556 K\\ilI. The wasted light therefore equates to an
annual waste of at least six million tons of coal (think of the added acid rain and air pollution!) or 23
million barrels of oil (think of the added oil imports). These are non-negligible amounts, to be sure.
While the wasted energy and money from anyone person's poor fixture is not all that much (say, $.5 to
$10 a month added to their utility bill), the overall amount is truly "astronomical" (mind boggling) when
one takes into consideration the sum of all these individual contributions. The solution is for each ofus to
do better, to be aware of the issues, and to eliminate wasted light wherever we can. We will save money
and energy as a nation by doing more as individuals, at home and at work. We must.
All this wasted light and energy is doing nothing to promote safety, or a better life at night. In fact, it
does the opposite. It costs us money and energy to have a trashy nighttime environment and to wipe out
our dark skies. Bright skies, glare, and light trespass help no one. Glare never helps visibility; never. Light
trespass often offends neighbors, and it is always unnecessary. Glare and light trespass are also factors in
many accidents at night, by blinding or confusing drivers or pedestrians. All this costs the nation far too
much in money and in pain. We shouldn't tolerate it. We must stop such waste. Now.
If we bad a water sprinkler system that wasted much of its water by scattering water everywhere; onto
20f3
12/512001 8:21 PM
the street, through our neighbor's \\indows, and upward to encourage evaporation, we'd not tolerate it
for long. Iftogtther we wasted over a billion doUars a year this way, we'd declare it a national disaster
and begin conservation measures and efficiency improvements immediately. We must build a greater
awareness of the adverse effects of poor lighting and get on with the task ofusing only quality lighting.
For more infonnation about these outdoor lighting issues, contact the International Dark Sky Association
at the address at the beginning of this Information Sheet. Other information sheets available from IDA
address the issues of energy savings (for example, the retrofit of street lights in San Diego to LPS is
saving the city about 3 million dollars a year), the 175 \\.att mercury vapor light, the operating efficiencies
of different kinds of light sOufces, and other quality lighting issues. Join us in our efforts to promote
better outdoor lighting and energy sa'\'ings. We will all benefit! The International Dark-Sky Association is
a tax-exempt member supported non-profit organization.
@ IDA Inc., 3225 N. First Ave., Tucson, AZ. 85719-2103 USA
Telephone: 1-520-293-3198 Fax: 520-293-3192 E-mail: ida@darksky.org Web:
wwvv.darkskV.orq
.
o.
\.
30f3
12/5120018:21 PM
............,.,...........:... _~ <6....__,',=--.~;~_".b,,_c""~..;,_~.:.-~_.;_,~~. '_'
05/97
~
:-
International Dark-Sky Association - Information Sheet 122
Examples of Good and Bad Lighting Fixtures
"C.
GOOD ~ven post-top
omamenfal fi\.1ures, like
this Salem Cutoff from GE
Lighting, can be cutoff
with clear panels and
lamp/reflector located
above.
....
GOOD Flat-lens cobra
head fixtures, like this
American Electric Series
125 Roadway Cutoff
luminaire, provide
excellent roadway lighting
v.1th greatly reduced glare
and no up light.
Ion
soli4
top
cbss
side
pUl&h
GOOD The Yorkto\\TI,
another ornamental from
Emery Fixtures, also has
clear panels and bulb
located above for
maximum glare and spill
light control.
.'
"
,'.
-~\
II' ~_--_-.-.
GOOD This new
generation of flat-lens
cobra head fixture from
American Electric, call the
DuraStar 2000, provides
superior lighting
uniformity at standard
mounting heights and
spacings.
BAD Non-cutoff ID.1ures
like this "acorn"
ornamental cause light
ppllution.
..-..
. ..,
. --
BAD The ubiquitous
drop-lens cobra head
luminaire produces a level
of glare and uplight that is
both unacceptable and
unnecessary.
]2/51200] 8:25 PM
GOOD Manyexisting 'll
dusk-to-dawn security
lights and residential
streetlights can be
retrofitted \\ith the
Hubbell Skycap.
GOOD Flat-lens shoebox
fixtures come in many
forms; square, rectangular,
circular, etc. All control
the light with internal
reflectors. Glare and light
trespass are minimized; no
uplight is produced.
20f3
GOOD The Hubbell
Skycap turns any standard
Barn Light into a
full-cutoff light with wide
area coverage.
fo
. . ~~
GOOD Post-top flat-lens
shoebox fixtures like this
one provide good area
illumination without light
pollution.
BAD Barn Light style
fixtures are very
inefficient, sending about
20% of the light upward
and another 20%
horizontally outward,
creating glare.
;e
BAD (sometimes) The
telltale sag lens gives this
h.lminaire away as a
.
possible problem. If the
lens is clear and very
shallow, and tbe bulb
wattage is not too high,
this type of lililit can cover
a wider area ;'ithout too
much glare or uptight, but
beware!
12/512001 8:25 PM
,
...-- ......-.=.:;::::.....--;:- - .
......... ... .. ~ . ~
GOOD Full-cutoffwall
packs such as this
mcPhilben 101 Wall
Sconce make excellent
entryway and building .._
perimeter lights, and thete
is enough forward throw
that adequate lighting is
provided for near-building
parking.
~
~~~'
GOOD Iffloodlights must
be used, they should
always have top and side
shielding, and be pointed
at least 45 0 below the
horizontal.
l-'~f ~
, r~ -
; +--=---......
GOOD Recessed canister
lights buift into the eaves
or canopy of a house,
g~e,orotherbuilding
is the first choice for
lighting building
exteriors.
"
GOOD EyeD sports
lighting can be done well.
if one uses cutofflight
fixtures such as these from
Soft Lighting Systems.
BAD Wall packs like this
should never be used.
They produce enormous
glare and uplight.
BAD Unshielded
floodlights provide a
trashy "prison yard" look
and should not be used.
@ IDA Inc., 3225 N. First Ave., Tucson, Al85719-2103 USA
Telephone: 1-520-293-3198 Fax: 520-293-3192 E-mail: ida@darksky.org Web:
www.darkskv.orQ
30f3
121512001 8:25 PM
~ Good Neighbor
Outdoor Lighting
A GUIDE TO SELECTING AND INSTALLING EFFICIENT,
. COST-EFFECTIVE,
AND UNOBTRUSIVE OUTDOOR LIGHTING FIXTURES
Cornpiled by tJ,e
New England Light Pollution Advisory Group (N""ELP AG)
and tbe International Dark-Sky Association
May 1995
\Vhy is there outdoor lighting?
Outdoor lighting is used to illuminate roadways, parking lots, yards, sidewalks, public meeting areas,
signs, work sites, and buildings. It pro\ides us v.:itb better visibility and a sense of security.
. When well-designed and properly installed, outdoor lighting can be and is very useful in improving
visibility and safety and a sense of security, while at the same time minimizing energy use and
operating costs.
Why should we be concerned?
If outdoor lighting is not well-designed and properly installed, it can be costly, inefficient, glary, and
harmful to the nighttime environment. These are the issues:
. Glare: Poorly-designed or poorly installed lighting can cause a great deal of glare that can severely
hamper the vision of pedestrians, cyclists, and drivers, creating a hazard rather than increasing
safety. Glare occurs when you can see light directly from the fixture (or bulb).
1 of 13
12/5/2001 8:32 PM
. Light Trespass: Poor outdoor lighting shines onto neighborhood properties and into bedroom
windo~ reducing privacy, hindering sleep, and creating an unattractive look to the ~
. Energy.....Waste: Much of our outdoor lighting wastes energy because it is not well-deSigned. This
waste results in high operating costs and increased environmental pollution from the extra power
generation needs. We waste over a billion dollars a year in the United States alone lighting up the
sky at night.
. Sky Glow: A large fraction of poor lighting shines directly upwards, creating the adverse sky glow
above our cities that washes our view oft:be dark night ~ky, taking away an important natural
resource. In addition to the cost savings, less sky glow will allow future generations to enjoy the
beauty of the stars, anq children will be inspired to learn and perhaps to enter fields of science.
What is Good Lighting?
Good lighting does its intended job well and with minimum adverse impact to the environment. Good
lighting has four distinct characteristics:
1. It provides adequate light for the intended task, but never over-lights.
SpecifYing sufficient light for a job is sometimes hard to do on paper. Remember that a full moon
can make an area seem quite bright. Some modem lighting systems illuminate areas to a level 100
times as bright as does the full moon! Brighter is not always better, so try to choose lights that 'will
meet your needs without illuminating the neighborhood. If you can't decide what to do, consulting
a good lighting designer is usually your best bet.
2. It uses "fully-shielded" lighting fixtures, fixtures that control the light output in order to
keep the light in the intended area.
Such :tD.1ures have minimum glare from the light-producing source. "Fully-shielded" means that no
light is emitted above the horizontaL (High-angle light output from ill-designed fix1Ures is mostly
wasted, doing no good in lighting the ground, but still capable of causing a great deal of glare. Of
course, all the light going directly up is totally waste.d.)
Fully-shielded light fixtures are more effective and actually increase safety, since they have very
little glare. Glare can dazzle and considerably reduce the effectiveness of the emitted light.
3. It has the lighting fixtures carefully installed to maximize their effecth'eness on the targeted
property and minimize their adverse impact beyond the property borders.
Positioning offixtures is very important. Even well-shielded fixtures placed on talI poles at a
property boundary can cast a lot of light onto neighboring properties. This "light trespass" greatly
reduces and invades privacy, and is difficulty to resolve after the installation is complete:
Fixtures should be positioned to give adequate uniformity of the illuminated area A few bright
fixtures (or ones that are too low to the ground) can often create bright "hot spots" that make the
less-lit areas in-between seem dark. This can create a safety problem. When lighting signs, position
the lights above and in front oftbe sign, and keep the light restricted to the sign area; overlit signs
are actually harder to read, Buildings ought to be similarly lit in a way to offer an attractive, safe
environment without overkill
2 of 13
12/512001 8:32 PM
4. It uses fixtures with high-efficiency lamps, ll'hile still considering the color and quality as
essenti~design criteria. .
High-efficiency lamps used for lighting not only save energy - which is good for a cleaner
environment - but reduce operating costs. Most high-efficiency lamps last a long time, reducing
costly maintenance. Highly-efficient fixtures usually cost more initially, but the payback time is very
short, and such fixtures will save you lots_of money in a.short time.
Balancing against hig~fficiency, though, is the quality of the light emitted. In some applications,
the yellow light cast by low-pressure (LPS) or high-pressure (HPS) sodium lamps may not be as
desirable as a Jess-efficient, but much whiter, compact-fluorescent, metal-halide, or even
incandescent light source. In other applications, color is not of importance, and LPS or HPS lamps
do a very good job at very low cost. Well-designed shielded lights can usually be lower in wattage,
saving even more energy and money. They will actually light an area better than unshielded lights
of higher output, because they make use of all the light rather than wasting some (or much) of it.
Why are these characteristics so important? How do they factor into a design?
Good lighting means that we save energy and money, and we avoid hassles. A quality lighting job makes
a "good neighbor." And we have a safer and more secure nighttime environment.
Always remember that lighting should benefit people. Controlled, effective, efficient lighting at a home or
business v.,ill enhance the beauty, while providing visibility, safety, and security. Poorly-installed, bright
lighting is offensive and gives a very poor image. .
.
\'
3 of 13
12/5120018:32 PM
'SL-.
-
4 of 13
__.,---",-_-_....__._ ."""' _~._.... ~... _'Y"-._....__"'........::..-_. ,_._. -_.,._..."'.~".... ,...... ~..c-_'-.....~_,.,.-.T'" ......-,~,...'..,.~.'...~......-...
EXAMPLES OF SOME
COMMON LIGHTING FIXTURES
POOR
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, ,
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, t. · -._"""
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,
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",,"7'~
.'~~"; ~.
';::.!:.:~.~': ....
Port~~ Lamp
(m:lre fr.m 1,800hmellS)
GOOD
./
Top-mCII\1nitd
Billboard FloodJighls
(cue fully focused 0100 billboard)
./
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . , , . .
I I .
. , , .
. . .
. , .
, ,
, .
, ,
, .
I I
, .
Post~~ Luup
(lamp~etinopaq'lJe top)
12/512001 8:32 PM
~
S of 13
_.' ."~__'~_"'_j"'~'_'" ,_ ......~_.._r _._,_ .:_,.....~~_,,_'''''_.._.._
EXAMPLES OF SOME
COMMON LIGHTING FIXTURES
POOR
Typic:al "Wall Pack'
0'"
TYJicU .Y ud I.ight"
A1tt noed Light
GOOD
-~
./
~;::~~:
. ~. "......:...................._----~
,1: ~ '" ..... ....._.....
I I , ."
. I " ....
, . , ......
I .. .....
I , ....
\ .. -.
Typical .iloe BO*" (fczward'Uww)
./
,," ,~ I I ' " .....-.....-
, I I \. '....
,," I I \ '
" , I , "
Op~ue ReIflec:tor (hmp iDside)
./
I
I .....'
,
.
. .
A ru Flood L igh'l w ith Hood
12/512001 8:32 PM
. - .- :....:.:-....,.,....~. -." .........,-- ..'- - --.....-....,..' "~-."'" ._----~.,.......--...... "'-""; ~,.....-,_.......,-.'.-" _.~.~~-..~ ...,.,...- .', ..,.__._.~.,..-...-.__....
..'-
~
l\10DIFYING EXISTING
FIXTURES
CIIANGE TIllS _
....
TO nlls _ ./
~. I>OWHWAltDS
. ,., .. " ..........
.. ~ '... .. .. .. .. ..
.... ,," I~: "e.. ......
, ,. .. ..
r ~ , e...
.' .
--
---
'-
FLOODLIGHT
CtlANGE TillS no
TO TIllS ___
./
IDstill VIS Oil
t '\ .................... -----.eo.
l \ ........,
........
\V.lI.LLPACK
CllASGE TillS ...
~"'.. TO TillS...
~:[:~J::.' r4~
"~"'-
'"
TO TillS ...
./
. -,
'.
,
"-
YARD LlGIlT
OI'AQl'l' RUUC[OR
SHOEBOX
'.. r I....~".
. T,. n. ,
..;..
There are many cheap lighting fixtures available from most discount warehouse stores and from
electrical suppliers. Are these good deals?
. Most cheap m:tures have poor control oftre 1:~1.-. ,-'" ':Jt, and they produce a lot of glare. It.
usually takes better and more-costly interLw! ; ..."-,~~,0;:, \0 get light out without glare and to give
better light distribution. Modifying installed fixtures to reduce glare, or installing more fixtures to
better coverage can be expensive.
· Cheap fixtures often have inefficient lamps and short lamp life, so they use far more energy than
needed. Paying for more electricity than needed is expensive, as is the higher maintenance costs of
these so-called "cheap" fixtures.
Some cost comparisons
6ofl3
121512001 8:32 PM
~ ......-....0.........,'...-__ .. .........__. ___.., ...~~..,,,..~.-.. _~..-_..-......-.__._".._",...... .~ ..""..... ___.......".....__L....-........"..,..,'L..
~
I....'.... '.' t
";?'- /:...'f-.~~-
-
5 YLU OP.D.UDI8
COSY
JIUUU COST
IS1I
TOUI.
..
~
~
1301 ~
SAVED A
$260
SAW3>
"32
TOT.I.I.
...
..c
..c
~
~
o
A
'"
snl
TOTAL
IUS
TOTAL
""398 WATT QUAllT%
lUI.O&EH
FLOODLIGHT
2IlfATr COMPACT
lLUOU::SCEHT
FLOODLIGHT
175 WATrIllERClJKY 18 WAIT mGBPU:S.
VUOll SODIUJ( CUT-On
SEClJJJtY LIGHT SEClJJllTY LIGHT
SIGN LIGHT
AREA LIGHT
Some Basic Consi~erations
\
. Always remember that lighting should benefit people. Controlled, effective, efficient lighting at
your home or business v.ill enhance the surroundings and give a sense of safety and security.
People ;lon't 2ppreci2!e p::,cdy-Ln.stalIed, overly-bright lighting.
. Check your site at night before installing lighting and note the existing light levels. Iftbe area has
low levels of lighting, then modest levels of light \\ill work well for you and will fit more hospitably
in the neighborhood.
. Try to keep the lighting unifonn and reduce glare as much as possible. Lights that make bright "hot
spots" and ones that have glare make it hard to see well - especially for older people.
. Be aware that light fixtures can have different lighting patterns. (Some patterns are long and'
narrow light cones, while others are more symmetrical.) Some fixtures have internal adjustments
that can change the lighting pattern to a modest extent. Pick the right pattern for your job.
. Consider using lights that turn on by motion detection. Not only will you reap big savings in
operating costs, but you will have a far more effective security light due to its "instant-on"
characteristics. Note that these lights can also be turned on manually. These light fixtures are not
expensive, and they use very little energy. Higher-priced motion-detection units ",ill prove more
reliable.
Manufacturers and Suppliers
A Selection of Manufacturers and Suppliers of Good Lighting Equipment
7 oft 3
1215120011:32 PM
. Any lamp - DO matter how faint - can be annoying in certain circumstances, so it is encouraged that
all out~r lights be fully shielded. However, \\-ith fixtures that use dazzling lamps (tj:pically all
HPS, mercury vapor, and metal-halide lamps, and clear incandescent lamps of 150 \\'atts or
greater), the requirement for shielding is imperative. Here is a list of some good lighting fixtures,
with manufacturers or suppliers names, product numbers, and addresses (with telephone numbers
in parentheses).
Please note that this is not a comprehensive list of all good lighting fixtures; these are a sample of
those fixtures that have come to the attention of!\TELP AG as of the winter of 1995. As other
quality fixtures are brought to our attention, they will be included in future updates. Please do give
us your suggestions.
ABOLITE: 10000 Alliance Road; Cincinnat~ OH 45242 (513-793-8875)
GENLYTE P.O. Box 129; Union, NJ 07083 (908-964-7000)
GENEaAL ELECTRIC: Hendersonville, NC 28739 (800-626-2000)
GUTH LIGHTING: 2615 \Vashington Blvd.; St. Louis, MO 63103 (314-533-3200)
HADCD: P.O. Box 128; Linlesto\\TI, PA 17340 (717-359-7131)
HUBBELL LIGHTING: 2000 Electric Way; Christiansburg, VA 2A073 (703-382-6111)
KIM LIGHTING: P.O. Box 1275; City of Industry, CA 91749 (818-968-5666)
.
. .
\\
LUMINAIRE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.: 212 West Main St.; Gibsonville, NC 27249
(910-449-6310)
THOVAS('; r.P;:TT':; T T;;rln~\r; DrV: 1555 T;Tr5:,,1::! Pd.; \f,:"f'":::~;~, J;\1 3q ]0
(901-682-7766)
THOMAS OUTDOOR LIGHTING (formerly McPhilben Outdoor Lighting): 2661 Alvarado
St.; San Leandro, CA
PEMCO LIGHTING PROD(CTS: 150 Pemco Way; Wilmington, DE 19804 (302-892-9003)
RUUD LIGHTING: 9201 Washington Ave.; Racine, \VI 53406 (414-886-1900)
SPERO LIGHTING: 1705 Noble Rd.; Cleveland, OH 44112 (216-851-3300)
STONCO: P.O. Box 129; Union, NJ 07605 (908-964-7000)
VOIGHT LIGHTING: 135 Fort Lee Rd.; Leonia, NJ 07605 (201-461-2493)
WESTERFIELD: 770 Gateway Center Dr.; San Diego, CA 92102 (619-263-6672)
In tbe diagrams, the following abbreviations are used: INe = incandescent; HPS =
80fl3
12/512001 8:32 PM
'.
high-pressure sodium; c.F = cO!DPact fl~orescent; MH =metal~balJde;1v!Y.::= merclJIY vapor
~ I AREA LIGHTS - POLE or BUILDING MOUNTED .
jrnoMAs & BEITS 'KIM LIGHTING
American Electric Lighting 'Iseries SAR
Package "C" (Cutoff) (HPS, MH, MV)
(HPS, MY) High Cost
iLow Cost
I
IpEMCO
I
Model 8908X-211-CO
i(HPS, MH, CF, INC)
Medium Cost
I
I
'STaNCO
ISeries RLM3000 & RMS3000
,
'(HPS, MH)
Medium Cost
It f k
I l!r.
----0=',,.' ~ "'=_,
~".,
-.. '"
9of13
i
RUDD LIGHTING
I
PR Series
'(HPS, 1m:, CF, INC)
Medium Cost
,"
-
HUBBELL LIGHTING
:Mbdel NPU-BI
, trn
1\TJTE- TO-LITE
I (I-IPS, MY)
Low Cost
]2/51200] 8:32 PM
"
I AREA LIGHTS - BUILDING MOUNTED ONLY
;:-- lGUTH LIGHTING
SUNDOWNER Series B1870
(CF, HPS, MY)
Medium Cost
I
iMcPHILBEN OUTDOOR
,Series 101 & 102
(HPS, MH)
_ High Cost
i -
., ..._ . .'0 .0
.""'.P.'".. '''-~.*b'~\-:.'f-.-......
~
~,'j.~
iVOIGT LIGHTING
,PRAGMATIC Series 221 & 222
:(HPS, MH, MY, CF, mC)
Low to Medium Cost
"
lOofl3
IKIM LIGHTING
l'series WD14D
(lIPS, MH)
High Cost
:-
~
.~
:..r."
:RUDD LIGHTING
'E8 Series
'cHPS, MH)
Low Cost
1 I.
~ ' .
COST:
LOW COST: under $100
'MEDIUM COST: $100 - $200
HIGH COST: over $200
1215/2001 8:32 PM
I
~ ABOLITE
Series RLM model DWB-I
(INC)
Low Cost
SIGN LIGHTS - FLOODLIGHTS
'HADCO .
lseries HF4000 with MGS-3H shield
I(lIPS, MY)
Medium Cost
/1/
~
/
,
!
'HU13BELL LIG~G
iSeries 308 bullet ,"ith 309-S shield
I
:(INC)
Low Cost
- I
I
,
,
iSPERO LIGHTING
Model 705 reflectorl
I
(INC)
'Low Cost
I n
I
I
I
,STONCO
'Series 940 with 9455E shield
(INe)
Low Cc;t
I WESTERFIELD
Series 500 with Glare shield
(CF)
Low ("n<'t
J J of J3
12/512001 8:32 PM
_....-._.,_....... .....,....._. ._ _..J"',. _. ~....-..- .,.,-.....'. -.- ..-..._-,........._,,-. ...,.....-._-_.....,
~
ROADWAY LIGHTING
IGENERAL ELECTRIC .
IModel M-250R2 with CUTOFF OPTICS
(HPS, MV)
Medium Cost
CROUSE HINDS
Model RAL Series
(HPS, MV)
Medium Cost
L
. ~_. - ".
\
~ ). ---- ~'
IHUBBELL LIGHT~G
'IModel RMC series
(HPS, MH)
'Medium Cost
'PEMCO LIGHTING
:Model Admiral Hat
'(HPS, !\1H. CF, INC)
I
Medium Cost
I
ITHOMAS & BETTS
jAmerican Electric Lighting
Roadway Cutoff Series 113 & 125
I
i(HPS, MH, MV)
,Medium Cost
I
,
I
j
~)
~.~
/. ..'
\ .
12ofl3
12/512001 8:32 PM
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;:1 :hr August 1999 i!$~f. r;;fe :~.
Skyline: our t-eleph~'"l! !:~W! !!rvk!. jo j:":'"O.
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