HomeMy WebLinkAbout2010-0406 Documents Submitted
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Rogue Valley Council of Governments
Program and Financial Update
January 2010
COUNCIL
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RVCOG BACKGROUND INFORMA TlON
RVCOG is a voluntary association of governmental entities in both Jackson and Josephine
counties. Membership includes thirteen incDrporated cities, two counties, SOU and RCC, and
several special districts. The COG is governed by a Board of Directors led by representatives
from these member entities. Although a governmental organization, the COG has no sovereign
powers and no ability to levy taxes.
Upwards of 65% of the project funding RVCOG obtains on a yearly basis comes from the state
and federal governments, while 15% comes from local governmental contracts. The remaining
20% CDmes from other sources, mostly senior meals client donations, dues, other donations, and
sales of materials.
The programs offered by RVCOG fall into eight major areas:
_ Community Development _ Transportation Planning
_ land Use Planning _ Geographic InformatiDn Systems (GIS)
_ Senior and Disability Services _ Food & Friends (Meals on Wheels)
_ Natural Resources _ Information Systems
In addition, both the finance manager and human resources manager are available to provide
direct services to members.
PROGRAM DESCRIPTIONS
Communitv DeveloDment
Part of the Planning Department, Community Development
offers expertise in public involvement processes of all types;
grant administration; strategic planning and goal setting; and
special services such as emergency planning, ordinance
development, and opinion surveys.
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TransDortation Planninq
The majority of the planning work falls under the auspices of the
Rogue Valley Metropolitan Planning Organization (RVMPO), the
federally designated area stretching from Ashland in the south, Eagle
Point to the north, and Jacksonville to the west. In addition, the
department does a significant amount of work on individual city
Transportation System Plans (TSPs) and implementing ordinances. .
land Use Planninq
land use planning services to member jurisdictions are available
on a short- Dr long-term contract basis for both current and long-
range planning. Services such as ordinance development and
updates, Comprehensive Plan updates, Periodic Review, and
collaborative planning processes are also available.
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Geoaraohic Information Svstems (GIS) w#
These services are an integral part of most projects performed by ~
the COG. GIS is responsible for the creation, management, and
mapping of digital data to create visual reference material. Data
can be created using GPS equipment or processed from an array
of data sources. GPS equipment is available to rent.
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Senior and Disabilitv Services (SDS)
SDS is the designated Area Agency on Aging and Disabilities for
Jackson and Josephine counties. The goal of SDS is to assist
seniors and people with disabilities to maintain their independence
through the development of a network of services and through
advocacy at the local, state, and national levels. The COG is
directly or administratively responsible for providing access to
services funded under the Older Americans Act, Oregon Project
Independence, Medicaid, and the Oregon Health Plan.
Food & Friends
Food & Friends is the region's Meals on Wheels and Congregate
Meal Site program. In 2009 the program served 237,000 meals to
seniors in Jackson and Josephine counties - of which about
182,000 were delivered by volunteers to homebound seniors-
providing a much needed safety net check. In turn, seniors are
asked to donate $2.75 or whatever they can comfortably afford to
offset the cost of this service. Only 63% of the program's funding
is provided by the Federal Government, leaving the balance to be
obtained at the local level.
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Natural Resources
Programs include stormwater planning, public outreach and
education; water quality and habitat monitoring; natural resource
education programs; endangered species planning; fish passage
barrier removal; wetland conservation planning; low impact
development design; riparian restoration; and parks planning
(Bear Creek Greenway and Rogue River Greenway).
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Information Svstems
RVCOG's information systems specialist is available to member
jurisdictions for the design, installation, and maintenance of
netwDrks; for website design, hosting, and maintenance; for
consulting on hardware and software purchases; and for
evaluating infonmation systems.
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PROVIDING SERVICES
Although the COG is officially organized along departmental and programmatic lines, our
services can also be considered a function of how we as an organization are designed to interact
with our member jurisdictiDns, and/or hDW our activities are funded. Along these lines, we have
four major modes Df Dperation:
1. We have the long-term responsibility for implementing certain state and federal programs.
For example:
> We administer the Medicaid program for the region, as well as Oregon Project
Independence and the Older Americans Act programs (including the senior meals
program).
> We staff the Rogue Valley Metropolitan Planning Organization (RVMPO), which is
responsible for transportation planning in the Greater Bear Creek Valley.
2. We collaborate with our members to obtain funding and cooperation from state and federal
agencies to perform specific tasks, which mayor may not also include complementary
funding from local sources. Our involvement can originate as a request from local members
or from state or federal agencies.
For example:
> We played a central role in Gold Hill's water intake relocation and dam removal.
> We have managed the Regional Problem Solving Process from its inception.
> We are assisting with the collaborative effort to develop the RDgue River Greenway.
3. We directly contract with our member jurisdictions for specific services.
For example:
:> Our staff serves as the contract planner for the cities of Shady Cove, Gold Hill and
Cave Junction, and provides as-needed planning services for Jackson County,
Josephine County, and Ashland.
> Our Finance Manager works half time as RVTD's Finance Manager.
>- We implement the TMDL (Total Maximum Daily Load) program, a collaborative
water quality monitoring and compliance effort in the Bear Creek Valley.
4. We respond directly to requests from the private sector and from individuals.
For example:
> We contract with private firms to provide public involvement services for large
transportation projects (e.g., the Fern Valley Interchange and Highway 62 projects).
> We contract with a private company to provide senior services case management to
a low-income housing development in Grants Pass.
3
FINANCIAL OVERVIEW
The COG's
finances continue
to be quite
different than they
were during the
majority of the
1990s, when the
COG's total fund
equity was
eroded in both
the special
revenue (project)
and general
(administration)
funds. Beginning 6/95 6/97 6/99 6/01 6/03 6/05 6/07 6/09
in 1999, with the establishment of policies that oversee budgeting, billing procedures, personnel
management, and project design and implementation, the COG has steadily improved its
situation, and has managed to maintain a stable fund equity situation. While we would prefer
that our income for this past fiscal had exceeded expenses by more than what it did ($25,000),
we continue to operate in the black, even in these difficult times.
T_he COG has
also enjoyed
greater stability
and
consistency in
budgets over
the last
decade. From
FYOO/01 to
FY04/05,
the COG
maintained an
operating range
$ 0 million
92/93 94/95 96/97 9S/99 00/01 02/03 04/05 06/07 OS/09 of between $5
93/94 95/96 97/9S 99/00 01/02 03/04 05/06 07/0s 09/10 and $6 million
dollars in its budgets, the result of a healthy balance of factors such as sustainable staffing
levels, member needs, and federal, state, and local funding. Following this 5-year period of
budget consolidation and slow growth, the last five years have seen the COG move to the next
level, between the $6 and $7 million dollar range, at which it is likely tD remain for the
foreseeable future. Although our initial budget this year is just below the $6 milliDn level, we do
anticipate that some additional funding will make up the difference.
$ 7 million
$ 6 million
$ 5 million
$ 4 million
$ 3 million
$ 2 million
$1 million
$1.000.000
$900.000
$800.000
$700,000
5600.000
$500,000
5400.000
5300.000
$200.000
$100.000
o
Changes in RVCOG Total Fund Equity
RVCOG Budgets FY 91/92 - 08/09
It is important to mention that we have been able to maintain the relatively low indirect rate of
17% for the last three fiscal years. Although the 17% indirect rate was increased from 16% four
years ago (FY05/06), the change was a necessary outcome of the COG's decision to reduce
annual membership dues by 40% across the bDard. This has represented an annual savings fDr
our members of nearly $63,000, far outweighing the minor increase in indirect costs. It also
merits mention that the COG has not increased dues for the last three years in recognition of the
phasing out of O&C funds and the continued poor national and local economic trends. Although
4
the decreased revenue has been a difficult adjustment for the COG, we feel we have no choice
but to continue to respond to the diminished financial capacity of our member jurisdictions and
partners, while at the same time responding to a steady increase in local requests for our
involvement and assistance.
$ 52,00
$ 50,50
$48,00
$46,00
$44.00
$ 42.00
$40,00
$ 38.00 $42,85
Average Loaded Hourly Rate, All Employees
$43.04 $46.02 $43.28 $43.61 $42.15 $46,00 $43.84
0910
46 staff 44 staff 44 staff 46 staff 46 staff 48 staff 44 staff 44 staff
Finally, the COG has been aggressive in maintaining the billable hDurly rate of its employees at a
relatively flat level. As the graph shows, from FY02/03 to FY09/10, a period of seven years, the
average hourly billable rate fDr Dur employees has varied only slightly. At this point, our average
wage is just over 2% more than it was in early 2003.
MAJOR PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS ACTIVE DURING 2009
Jackson County
~ Working with human resource professionals from a number
of member jurisdictions, including Jackson County, RVCOG
staffed the Rogue Valley Public Service Academy. RVPSA is
a cooperative effort to provide local, high-quality, affordable
training to public servants and other community leaders in
southern Oregon.
JACKSON ~ Provided planning services for the county's land use
COUNTY application expedited review process. This program allows
o the County to offer applicants a faster process through payment
reg 0 II of a surcharge, which supports the cost of RVCOG staff review.
+ Staffed the Regional Problem Solving process. This multi-year, ground breaking
collaborative process puts Jackson County in a leadership role in significantly
improving the region's future ability to coordinate transportation and land use
planning. The COG has provided the vast majority of its facilitation and technical
assistance as in-kind.
+ Coordinated public involvement for the Highway 62 corridor project. COG's
responsibilities included working with the Citizens Advisory Committee (CAC), Project
Decision Team (PDT) and members of the public by attending meetings, taking
minutes, preparing meeting materials, maintaining project files/maillists and
responding to inquiries.
5
+ Coordinated public involvement for the Fern Valley Interchange project. COG's
responsibilities included working with the Citizens Advisory Committee (CAC), Project
Decision Team (PDT) and members of the public by attending and facilitating
meetings, taking minutes, preparing meeting materials, maintaining project files/mail
lists and responding to inquiries.
+ Prepared Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) applications for Rogue
River ($300,000) and Talent ($849,050).
+ Provided CDBG grant administration for the City of Rogue River.
~ Provided NOAA and OWEB grant administration for the Gold Ray Dam removal and
restoration project.
+ Prepared Hazard and Security Plan for Rogue Valley Transportation District.
+ Prepared Request for Proposal/Qualifications for several projects.
+ Managed the region's $2 million annual Congestion Mitigation Air Quality
(CMAQ) program, including funding for Diesel Retrofits and Jackson County
Intersection Improvement.
~ Staffed and coordinated the Rogue Valley Area Commission on Transportation
activities, including attending RVACT meetings, preparing meeting materials and
maintaining RVACT files.
+ Staffed the Rogue Valley Metropolitan Planning Organization (RVMPO),
fulfilling federal and state requirements for a continuing, collaborative and
comprehensive regional transportation planning program for the Bear Creek Valley
area, assuring continuing state and federal funding for transportation, including
public transportation. Key projects included:
o Coordinated allocation of more than $5 million in American Recovery and
Reinvestment Act funds '
o Prepared and adopted 2009-2034 Regional Transportation Plan,
coordinating allocation of an estimated $330 million in transportation projects
o Developed Air Quality Conformity Determination showing region's
consistency with federal requirements for regional air quality
o Updated and maintained data for the regional travel demand model
o Developed and managed a regional transportation asset management
system
o Coordinated the Intelligent Transportation System Operations and
Implementation Plan
o Completed Environmental Justice Plan for the MPO
+ Coordinated Gold Ray Dam removal project. Worked with Jackson County to
obtain $5 million Federal Stimulus grant for proposed removal of dam, and applied for
additional $1 million from OWEB to complete project. RVCOG helped select the
contractor to remove the dam, and is leading the environmental, monitoring, public
outreach and restoration portions of the project.
+ Monitored water quality for Bear Creek and tributaries to comply with Clean
Water Act Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) requirements. With regional
cooperation and funding, monitoring is conducted consistently and regularly, data are
analyzed, recorded and reported as required by DEQ, and costs for sampling and
laboratory analysis are greatly reduced. As a result, RVCOG's water quality data and
results are classified by DEQ as highest quality, 'Class A' data.
6
. Collected and analyzed stormwater runoff and spills throughout the Bear Creek
watershed to protect streams from pollution and to ensure regional compliance with
TMDL requirements by all jurisdictions.
. Provided TMDL planning, Water Quality Implementation Planning (WQIP) and
Stormwater Management Plan assistance (stormwater management and planning,
public outreach, pollution control, and riparian area conservation - Rogue River and
Bear Creek), and obtained an $80,000 grant from DEQ to provide WQIP assistance
for TMDL planning. Completed the Bear Creek WQIP, which was approved by DEQ.
~ Provided management and public outreach and involvement for the Agate
Desert Vernal Pools conservation planning process, including coordination with
State and Federal agencies to develop a regional permit for conservation of vernal
pools, and the establishment of mitigation/conservation banks. With the assistance
of RVCOG's wetland conservation projects, a regional permit has been created that
will simplify wetland mitigation and conservation, thereby saving time and money for
jurisdictions and developers, and implementing effective vernal pool conservation.
Worked with the Planning Department on review and comment on the Whetstone
Industrial Park rezoning proposal. Mitigation banks are operating and conservation
easements are being obtained on private lands with highly functioning vernal pools.
. Provided assistance to the Joint Powers Committee (JPC) in implementation of
the Bear Creek Greenway Management Plan. The JPC is now working
cooperatively to better manage the Bear Creek Greenway at lower cost to the
communities.
~ Provided planning support and managed the Gold Ray Road Solutions Team
process for the Rogue River Greenway Recreational Corridor. Worked with the
Team to develop a conceptual plan for the area that was unanimously approved by
local residents and greenway proponents, and was adopted by the Board of
Commissioners. When the plan for the corridor is completed and the trail is
constructed, the Rogue River Greenway will reach Grants Pass, and connect with the
Bear Creek Greenway to form a continuous 50-mile path.
~ Obtained a $1.1 million Transportation Enhancement grant from ODOT for the
Sardine Creek portion of the Rogue River Greenway Recreational Corridor between
Gold Hill and the Rock Point bridge.
. Monitored riparian restoration and plant survival along Grant Road near Central
Point. RVCOG worked with the City of Central Point, Jackson County, the Bear
Creek Watershed Council and the developers of Twin Creeks housing development
to design and implement the restoration of the Jackson Creek riparian area.
~ Promoted low impact development (LID) construction methods through
workshops for local homebuilders, and helped coordinate a regional program to
promote LID practices in residential, commercial and industrial developments
throughout the region.
. Hosted an orientation for newly elected officials to the 8 major state agenCies and
their activities in southern Oregon.
. Implemented the senior meals program-delivered approximately 121,000 meals
to home-bound seniors across the county and 25,000 meals to seniors at 8
congregate sites.
. Administered Medicaid Program and Services for low income seniors and
adults with disabilities, including determining financial benefits and service
7
eligibility. Benefits and services include Oregon Health Plan (medical coverage);
Food Stamps; and Case Management for long term care services (in-home care,
adult foster care, assisted living, residential care, and nursing facilities).
. Managed Adult Protective Services and Adult Foster Home licensing for all
seniors and adults with physical disabilities.
. Provided in-home services under Oregon Project Independence to assist seniors
who are not eligible for Medicaid long term care services remain in their own homes.
. Supported family caregivers who are caring for someone over 60 or for people who
are over 60 and caring for children age 18 and younger.
. Maintained the Disaster Registry for vulnerable seniors and people with
disabilities to assist in disaster response and serve as the lead agency for the
Vulnerable Population's Branch of the Emergency Operations Center in the event of
a disaster.
. Delivered Powerful Tools for Caregivers classes which help family caregivers
learn to take care of themselves while caring for others. .
. Provided Living Well classes in partnership with OSU Extension to help people with
chronic conditions to better manage their conditions.
. Provided Tai Chi classes in partnership with OSU Extension to assist seniors with
fall prevention.
. Provided seniors Information and Assistance, Respite, and Legal Services.
. Provided Public Guardianship service to highly vulnerable seniors in Jackson
County through a contract with the Center for Non-Profit Legal Services.
Josephine County
+ Working with human resource professionals
from a number of member jurisdictions,
including Josephine County, RVCOG staffed
the Rogue Valley Public Service Academy.
RVPSA is a cooperative effort to provide local,
high-quality, affordable training to public servants
and other community leaders in southern Oregon.
. Provided planning services on an as-needed basis (most notably Paradise Ranch
Resort and the Josephine County Airport). RVCOG provided the necessary senior
level planning expertise at a significant cost-savings to the County.
. Provided staff support for the ongoing development of the Merlin-North Valley
Rural Community, including the idea for a two-stage wastewater disposal system
(Paradise Ranch first, larger community in the future).
. Obtained and administered a $1 million CDBG grant through Josephine County
for the Kerby Water System.
. Provided financial administration of a $2.2 million USDA grant 1 loan for the
Kerby Water System.
. Staffed and coordinated the Rogue Valley Area Commission on Transportation
activities, including attending RVACT meetings, preparing meeting materials and
maintaining RVACT files.
8
.. Provided planning support for the Rogue River Greenway Recreational
Corridor, and obtained a $1.1 million grant to complete a one-mile long stretch of
greenway including a new bridge.
.. Provided Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) planning assistance for Rogue
River TMDL, and obtained an $80,000 grant to provide Water Quality Implementation
Planning (WQIP) assistance for TMDL implementation, which is required by DEQ
from every community in the Rogue River basin. Josephine County has agreed to
participate in the development of a WQIP for the Rogue River.
~ Promoted low impact development (LID) construction methods through
workshops for local homebuilders, and helped coordinate a regional program to
promote LID practices in residential, commercial and industrial developments
throughout the region.
.. Hosted an orientation for newly elected officials to the 8 major state agencies and
their activities in southern Oregon.
.. Implemented the senior meals program-delivered approximately 60,000 meals to
home-bound seniors across the county and 24,000 meals to seniors at 5 congregate
sites.
.. Administered Medicaid Program and Services for low income seniors and
adults with disabilities, including determining financial benefits and service
eligibility. Benefits and services include Oregon Health Plan (medical coverage);
Food Stamps; and Case Management for long term care services (in-home care,
adult foster care, assisted living, residential care, and nursing facilities).
,
~ Managed Adult Protective Services and Adult Foster Home licensing for all
'seniors and adults with physical disabilities.
.. Provided in-home services under Oregon Project Independence to assist seniors
who are not eligible for Medicaid long term care services remain in their own homes.
.. Supported family caregivers who are caring for someone over 60 or for people who
are over 60 and caring for children age 18 and younger.
.. Maintained the Disaster Registry for vulnerable seniors and people with
disabilities to assist in disaster response and serve as the lead agency for the-
Vulnerable Population's Branch of the Emergency Operations Center in the event of
a disaster.
.. Delivered Powerful Tools for Caregivers classes which help family caregivers
learn to take care of themselves while caring for others.
.. Provided Living Well classes in partnership with OSU Extension to help people with
chronic conditions to better manage their conditions.
~ Provided Tai Chi classes in partnership with OSU Extension to assist seniors with
fall prevention.
.. Provided seniors Information and Assistance, Respite, and Legal Services.
9
Medford
~ Working with human resource professionals from a
number of member jurisdictions, including Medford,
RVCOG staffed the Rogue Valley Public Service
Academy. RVPSA is a cooperative effort to provide local,
high-quality, affordable training to public servants and other
community leaders in southern Oregon.
~ Staffed the Regional Problem Solving process. This
multi-year, ground breaking collaborative process will
establish over 6,000 acres of urban reserves for Medford, and will significantly
improve the cost-effectiveness of the city's future expansions and its ability to
coordinate transportation and land use planning. The COG has provided the vast
majority of its facilitation and technical assistance as in-kind.
~ Served on the West Medford TOO Technical Advisory Committee. The West
Main study area was identified in a 1999 Transit-Oriented Development project
prepared by RVCOG for the Rogue Valley Transportation District. The benefits of
participation are mutual; RVCOG provides advice while gaining knowledge that will
improve future projects, most notably long-range planning for future growth areas
identified in the RPS program.
~ Coordinated public involvement for the Highway 62 corridor project. COG's
responsibilities included working with the Citizens Advisory Committee (CAC), Project
Decision Team (PDT) and members of the public by attending meetings, taking
minutes, preparing meeting materials, maintaining project files and responding to
inquiries.
~ Staffed and coordinated the Rogue Valley Area Commission on Transportation
activities, including attending RVACT meetings, preparing meeting materials and
maintaining RVACT files.
~ Staffed the Rogue Valley Metropolitan Planning Organization (RVMPO), fulfilling
federal and state requirements for a continuing, collaborative and comprehensive
regional transportation planning program for the Bear Creek Valley area, assuring
continuing state and federal funding for transportation, including public transportation.
Key projects included:
o Coordinated allocation of more than $5 million in American Recovery and
Reinvestment Act funds
o Prepared and adopted 2009-2034 Regional Transportation Plan,
coordinating allocation of an estimated $330 million in transportation projects
o Developed Air Quality Conformity Determination showing region's
consistency with federal requirements for regional air quality
o Updated and maintained data for the regional travel demand model
o Developed and managed a regional transportation asset management
system
o Coordinated the Intelligent Transportation System Operations and
Implementation Plan
o Completed Environmental Justice Plan for the MPO
10
. Managed the region's $2 million annual Congestion Mitigation Air Quality
(CMAQ) program, including funding for alternative fueling station and Medford
Paving Projects.
. Monitored water quality for Bear Creek and tributaries to comply with Clean
Water Act Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) requirements. With regional
cooperation and funding, monitoring is conducted consistently and regularly, data are
analyzed, recorded and reported as required by DEQ, and costs for sampling and
laboratory analysis are greatly reduced. As a result, RVCOG's water quality data and
results are classified by DEQ as highest quality, 'Class A' data.
. Collected and analyzed stormwater runoff and spills throughout the Bear Creek
watershed to protect streams from pollution and to ensure regional compliance with
TMDL requirements by all jurisdictions.
. Provided TMDL planning, Water Quality Implementation Planning (WQIP) and
Stormwater Management Plan assistance (stormwater management and planning,
public outreach, pollution control, and riparian area conservation along Bear Creek
and its tributaries). Completed the Bear Creek WQIP, which was approved by DEQ.
. Promoted low impact development (LID) construction methods through
workshops for local homebuilders, and helped coordinate a regional program to
promote LID practices in residential, commercial and industrial developments
throughout the region.
. Obtained an $80,000 grant to provide WQIP assistance for TMDL planning that
DEQ requires from every community in the Rogue River basin.
~ Provided management and public outreach and involvement for the Agate
Desert Vernal Pools conservation planning process, including coordination with
State and Federal agencies to develop a regional permit for conservation of vernal
pools, and the establishment of mitigation/conservation banks. With the assistance
of RVCOG's wetland conservation projects, State and Federal regional permits have
been created that will simplify wetland mitigation and conservation, thereby saving
time and money for jurisdictions and developers, and implementing effective vernal
pool conservation. In addition, RVCOG worked to help launch two mitigation banks
for vernal pools, and is working to obtain conservation easements on private lands
with highly functioning vernal pools.
. Implemented several riparian restoration projects along Larson Creek, Lazy
Creek and Bear Creek (Bear Creek Park, U.S. Cellular Community Park, Larson
Creek Drive, St. Mary's School, Target store).
. Assisted with implementation of grant to Parks and Recreation Department for
water quality projects at U.S. Cellular Community Park and Jefferson Nature Center.
Implemented low impact development measures at the park, including porous
pavement, water quality swales and wetlands, rain gardens and rain barrels.
. Provided assistance to the Joint Powers Committee (JPC) in implementation of
the Bear Creek Greenway Management Plan. The JPC is now working
cooperatively to better nianage the Bear Creek Greenway at lower cost to the
communities.
~ Hosted an orientation for newly elected officials to the 8 major state agencies and
their activities in southern Oregon.
. Provided meals to home-bound seniors and served meals at the city's
congregate site.
11
. Administered Medicaid Program and Services for low income seniors and
adults with disabilities, including determining financial benefits and service
eligibility. Benefits and services include Oregon Health Plan (medical coverage);
Food Stamps; and Case Management for long term care services (in-home care,
adult foster care, assisted living, residential care, and nursing facilities).
. Managed Adult Protective Services and Adult Foster Home licensing for all
seniors and adults with physical disabilities.
. Provided in-home services under Oregon Project Independence to assist seniors
who are not eligible for Medicaid long term care services remain in their own homes.
. Supported family caregivers who are. caring for someone over 60 or for people who
are over 60 and caring for children age 18 and younger.
. Maintained the Disaster Registry for vulnera~le seniors and people with
disabilities to assist in disaster response and serve as the lead agency for the
Vulnerable Population's Branch of the Emergency Operations Center in the event of
a disaster.
. Delivered Powerful Tools for Caregivers classes which help family caregivers
learn to take care of themselves while caring for others.
. Provided Living Well classes in partnership with OSU Extension to help people with
Chronic Conditions to better manage their conditions.
. Provided Tai Chi classes in partnership with OSU Extension to assist seniors with
fall prevention.
. Provided seniors Information and Assistance, Respite, and Legal Services.
. Provided Public Guardianship service to highly vulnerable seniors in Jackson
County through a contract with the Center for Non-Profit Legal Services.
Grants Pass
. Working with human resource professionals from a number of
member jurisdictions, including Grants Pass, RVCOG staffed the
Rogue Valley Public Service Academy. RVPSA is a cooperative
effort to provide local, high-quality, affordable training to public
servants and other community leaders in southern Oregon.
. Coordinated public involvement for the Highway 199
Expressway project
. Provided planning support for the Rogue River Greenway
Recreational Corridor, and obtained a $1.1 million grant to complete
a one-mile stretch of greenway including a new bridge.
. Participated on the Urban Growth Boundary Expansion Steering Committee.
. Staffed and coordinated the Rogue Valley Area Commission on Transportation
activities, including attending RVACT meetings, preparing meeting materials and
maintaining RVACT files.
. Provided TMDL planning assistance for Rogue River Total Maximum Daily Load
(TMDL), and obtained an $80,000 grant to provide WQIP assistance for TMDL
planning that DEQ requires from every community in the Rogue River basin.
. Promoted low impact development (LID) construction methods through
workshops for local homebuilders, and helped coordinate a regional program to
I
~
Q!
!ll
~
~
m
I ~-
12
promote LID practices in residential, commercial and industrial developments
throughout the region.
.. Hosted an orientation for newly elected officials to the 8 major state agencies and
their activities in southern Oregon.
.. Provided meals to home-bound seniors and served meals at the largest
congregate meal site in the two-county area.
.. Provided Senior and Disability classes and training (Tools for Caregivers, Chronic
Disease Self-Management, and Fall Prevention).
~ Provided Case Management Services to the Jasmine Park Senior Apartments.
.. Administered Medicaid Program and Services for low income seniors and
adults with disabilities, including determining financial benefits and service
eligibility. Benefits and services include Oregon Health Plan (medical coverage);
Food Stamps; and Case Management for long term care services (in-home care,
adult foster care, assisted living, residential care, and nursing facilities).
.. Managed Adult Protective Services and Adult Foster Home licensing for all
seniors and adults with physical disabilities.
.. Provided in-home services under Oregon Project Independence to assist seniors
who are not eligible for Medicaid long term care services remain in their own homes.
.. Supported family caregivers who are caring for someone over 60 or for people who
are over 60 and caring for children age 18 and younger.
.. Maintained the Disaster Registry for vulnerable seniors and people with
disabilities to assist in disaster response and serve as the lead agency for the
Vulnerable Population's Branch of the Emergency Operations Center in the event of
a disaster.
.. Delivered Powerful Tools for Caregivers classes which help family caregivers
learn to take care of themselves while caring for others.
.. Provided Living Well classes in partnership with OSU Extension to help people with
Chronic Conditions to better manage their conditions.
.. Provided Tai Chi classes in partnership with OSU Extension to assist seniors with
fall prevention.
.. Provided seniors Information and Assistance, Respite, and Legal Services.
Ashland
~ Working with human resource professionals from a
number of member jurisdictions, RVCOG staffed the
Rogue Valley Public Service Academy. RVPSA is a
cooperative effort to provide local, high-quality, affordable
training to public servants and other community leaders in
southern Oregon.
.. Provided a variety of current planning services on an
as-needed basis.
.. Assisted with the Ashland Transportation System Plan: RVMPO staff was asked
to help city officials select a consultant for the city's update of its TSP. Review of
applicant packets was completed, interviews were held, and a consultant was
selected to perform the approximately two-year update.
~.
r_
13
+ Staffed the Regional Problem Solving process. This multi-year, ground breaking
collaborative process has enhanced the City's leadership in the region in the
coordination of transportation and land use planning. The COG has provided the
vast majority of its facilitation'and technical assistance as in-kind.
+ Managed the region's $2 million annual Congestion Mitigation Air Quality
(CMAQ) program, including funding for Ashland paving and sidewalk projects.
+ Staffed and coordinated the Rogue Valley Area Commission on Transportation
activities, including attending RVACT meetings, preparing meeting materials and
maintaining RVACT files.
+ Staffed the Rogue Valley Metropolitan Planning,Organization (RVMPO), fulfilling
federal and state requirements for a regional continuing, collaborative and
comprehensive regional transportation planning program for the Bear Creek Valley
area, assuring continued state and federal funding for transportation, including public
transportation. Key projects included:
o Coordinated allocation of more than $5 million in American Recovery and
Reinvestment Act funds.
o Prepared and adopted 2009-2034 Regional Transportation Plan, coordinating
allocation of an estimated $330 million in transportation projects
o Developed Air Quality Conformity Determination showing region's consistency
with federal requirements for regional air quality.
o Updated and maintained data for the regional travel demand model
o Completed Environmental Justice Plan for the MPO.
~ Monitored water quality for Bear Creek and tributaries to comply with Clean
Water Act Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) requirements. With regional
cooperation and funding, monitoring is conducted consistently and regularly, data are
analyzed, recorded and reported as required by DEQ, and costs for sampling and
laboratory analysis are greatly reduced. As a result, RVCOG's water quality data and
results are classified by DEQ as highest quality, 'Class A' data.
+ Collected and analyzed stormwater runoff and spills throughout the Bear Creek
watershed to protect streams from pollution and to ensure regional compliance with
TMDL requirements by all jurisdictions.
+ Provided TMDL planning, Water Quality Implementation Planning (WQIP) and
Stormwater Management Plan assistance for Bear Creek (stormwater
management and planning, public outreach, pollution control, and riparian area
conservation). Completed the Bear Creek WQIP, which was approved by DEQ.
+ Promoted low impact development (LID) construction methods through
workshops for local homebuilders, and helped coordinate a regional program to
promote LID practices in residential, commercial and industrial developments
throughout the region.
+ Provided assistance to the Joint Powers Committee (JPC) in implementation of
the Bear Creek Greenway Management Plan. The JPC is now working
cooperatively to better manage the Bear Creek Greenway at lower cost to the
communities.
~ Hosted an orientation for newly elected officials to the 8 major state agencies and
their activities in southern Oregon.
+ Administered Medicaid Program and Services for low income seniors and
adults with disabilities, including determining financial benefits and service
14
eligibility. Benefits and services include Oregon Health Plan (medical coverage);
Food Stamps; and Case Management for long term care services (in-home care,
adult foster care, assisted living, residential care, and nursing facilities).
~ Managed Adult Protective Services and Adult Foster Home licensing for all
seniors and adults with physical disabilities.
~ Provided in-home services under Oregon Project Independence to assist seniors
who are not eligible for Medicaid long term care services remain in their own homes.
~ Supported family caregivers who are caring for someone over 60 or for people who
are over 60 and caring for children age 18 and younger.
~ Maintained the Disaster Registry for vulnerable seniors and people with
disabilities to assist in disaster response and serve as the lead agency for the
Vulnerable Population's Branch of the Emergency Operations Center in the event of
a disaster.
~ Delivered Powerful Tools for Caregivers classes which help family caregivers
learn to take care of themselves while caring for others.
~ Provided Living Well classes in partnership with OSU Extension to help people with
chronic conditions to better manage their conditions.
~ Provided Tai Chi classes in partnership with OSU Extension to assist seniors with
fall prevention.
~ Provided seniors Information and Assistance, Respite, and Legal Services.
~ Provided Public Guardianship service to highly vulnerable seniors in Jackson
County through a contract with the Center for Non-Profit Legal Services.
Central Point
-+ Working with human resource professionals from a number
of member jurisdictions, including Central Point, RVCOG
staffed the Rogue Valley Public Service Academy. RVPSA is
a cooperative effort to provide local, high-quality, affordable
training to public servants and other community leaders in
southern Oregon.
.. Staffed the Regional Problem Solving process. This multi-
year, ground breaking collaborative process will establish almost 2,000 acres of
urban reserves for the City, and will significantly improve the cost-effectiveness of the
city's future expansions and its ability to coordinate transportation and land use
planning. The COG has provided the vast majority of its facilitation and technical
assistance as in-kind.
~ Completed a process, funded by a TGM grant, to create a model for
conceptually planning future urban reserve areas. When finished, the model will
be used by other cities in the region to plan their urban reserves.
~ Managed the region's $2 million annual Congestion Mitigation Air Quality
(CMAQ) program, including funding for Central Point paving projects; completed
RPS implementation plan pilot project.
~ Staffed and coordinated the Rogue Valley Area Commission on Transportation
activities, including attending RVACT meetings, preparing meeting materials and
/
maintaining RVACT files.
A
CENTRAL
POINT
15
. Staffed the Rogue Valley Metropolitan Planning Organization (RVMPO), fulfilling
federal and state requirements for a continuing, collaborative and comprehensive
regional transportation planning program for the Bear Creek Valley area, assuring
continued state and federal funding for transportation, including public transportation.
Key projects included:
o Coordinated allocation of more than $5 million in American Recovery and
Reinvestment Act funds
o Prepared and adopted 2009-2034 Regional Transportation Plan, coordinating
allocation of an estimated $330 million in transportation projects
o Developed Air Quality Conformity Determination showing region's consistency
with federal requirements for regional air quality
o Updated and maintained data for the regional travel demand model
o Completed Environmental Justice Plan for the MPO
. Monitored water quality for Bear Creek and tributaries to comply with Clean
Water Act Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) requirements. With regional
cooperation and funding, monitoring is conducted consistently and regularly, data are
analyzed, recorded and reported as required by DEQ, and costs for sampling and
laboratory analysis are greatly reduced. As a result, RVCOG's water quality data and
results are classified by DEQ as highest quality, 'Class A' data.
. Collected and analyzed stormwater runoff and spills throughout the Bear Creek
watershed to protect streams from pollution and to ensure regional compliance with
TMDL requirements by all jurisdictions.
. Provided TMDL planning, Water Quality Implementation Planning (WQIP), and
Stormwater Management Plan assistance for Bear Creek (stormwater
management and planning, public outreach, pollution control, and riparian area
conservation). Worked with Central Point and other Bear Creek jurisdictions to
complete WQIPs for TMDL implementation. The WQIPs were approved by.DEQ.
. Promoted low impact development (LID) construction methods through
workshops for local homebuilders, and helped coordinate a regional program to
promote LID practices in residential, commercial and industrial developments
throughout the region.
. Provided assistance to the Joint Powers Committee (JPC) in implementation of
the Bear Creek Greenway Management Plan. The JPC is now working
cooperatively to better manage the Bear Creek Greenway at lower cost to the
communities.
. Provided planning support for the Rogue River Greenway Recreational
Corridor, and obtained a $1.1 million grant to complete a one-mile stretch of
greenway including a new bridge.
. Provided management and public outreach and involvement for the Agate
Desert Vernal Pools conservation planning process, including coordination with
State and Federal agencies to develop a regional permit for conservation of vernal
pools, and the establishment of mitigation/conservation banks. With the assistance
of RVCOG's wetland conservation projects, Federal and State regional permits have
been adopted that will simplify wetland mitigation and conservation, thereby saving
time and money for jurisdictions and developers, and implementing effeCtive vernal
pool conservation. RVCOG helped establish two mitigation banks for vernal pools,
16
and is working to obtain conservation easements from private land owners with highly
functioning vernal pools.
.. Hosted an orientation for newly elected officials to the 8 major state agencies and
their activities in southern Oregon.
.. Provided meals to home-bound seniors in and immediately around the city
.. Administered Medicaid Program and Services for low income seniors and
adults with disabilities, including determining financial benefits and service
eligibility. Benefits and services include Oregon Health Plan (medical coverage);
Food Stamps; and Case Management for long term care services (in-home care,
adult foster care, assisted living, residential care, and nursing facilities)
.. Managed Adult Protective Services and Adult Foster Home licensing for all
seniors and adults with physical disabilities.
.. Provided in-home services under Oregon Project Independence to assist seniors
who are not eligible for Medicaid long term care services remain in their own homes.
.. Supported family caregivers who are caring for someone over 60 or for people who
are over 60 and caring for children age 18 and younger.
.. Maintained the Disaster Registry for vulnerable seniors and people with
disabilities to assist in disaster response and serve as the lead agency for the
Vulnerable Population's Branch of the Emergency Operations Center in the event of
a disaster.
.. Delivered Powerful Tools for Caregivers classes which help family caregivers
learn to take care of themselves while caring for others.
~ Provided Living Well classes in partnership with OSU Extension to help people with
Chronic Conditions to better manage their conditions.
-+ Provided Tai Chi classes in partnership with OSU Extension to assist seniors with
fall prevention.
-+ Provided seniors Information and Assistance, Respite, and Legal Services.
-+ Provided Public Guardianship service to highly vulnerable seniors in Jackson
County through a contract with the Center for Non-Profit Legal Services.
Eagle Point
+ Working with human resource professionals from a number
of member jurisdictions, RVCOG staffed the Rogue Valley
Public Service Academy. RVPSA is a cooperative effort to
provide local, high-quality, affordable training to public servants
and other community leaders in southern Oregon.
+ Staffed the Regional Problem Solving process. This multi-
year, ground breaking collaborative process will establish almost
1,300 acres of urban reserves for the City, and will significantly
improve the cost-effectiveness of the city's future expansions and its ability to
coordinate transportation and land use planning. The COG has provided the vast
majority of its facilitation and technical assistance as in-kind.
.. Completed an update of the City's buildable lands inventory. The information
will be used to update the RPS process, as well as provide technical information for a
future UGB expansion.
17
+ Staffed and coordinated the Rogue Valley Area Commission on Transportation
activities, including attending RVACT meetings, preparing meeting materials and
maintaining RVACT files. '
+ Staffed the Rogue Valley Metropolitan Planning Organization (RVMPO), fulfilling
federal and state requirements for a continuing, collaborative and comprehensive
regional transportation planning program for the Bear Creek Valley area, assuring
continued state and federal funding for transportation, including public transportation.
Key projects included:
o Coordinated allocation of more than $5 million in American Recovery and
Reinvestment Act funds
o Prepared and adopted 2009-2034 Regional Transportation Plan, coordinating
allocation of an estimated $330 million in transportation projects
o Developed Air Quality Conformity Determination showing region's consistency
with federal requirements for regional air quality
o Updated and maintained data for the regional travel demand model
o Completed Environmental Justice Plan for the MPO
+ Provided Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) planning assistance for Rogue
River TMDL, and obtained an $80,000 grant to provide WQIP assistance for TMDL
planning that DEQ requires from every community in the Rogue River basin.
+ Provided management and public outreach and involvement for the Agate
Desert Vernal Pools conservation planning process, including coordination with
State and Federal agencies to develop a regional permit for conservation of vernal
pools, and the establishment of mitigation/conservation banks. With the assistance
of RVCOG's wetland conservation projects, Federal and State regional permits have
been adopted that will simplify wetland mitigation and conservation, thereby saving
time and money for jurisdictions and developers, and implementing effective vernal
pool conservation. RVCOG helped establish two mitigation banks for vernal pools,
and is working to obtain conservation easements from private land owners with highly
functioning vernal pools.
~ Promoted low impact development (LID) construction methods through
workshops for local homebuilders, and helped coordinate a regional program to
promote LID practices in residential, commercial and industrial developments
throughout the region.
+ Hosted an orientation for newly elected officials to the 8 major state agencies and
their activities in southern Oregon.
+ Provided meals to home-bound seniors and served meals at the city's
congregate site
+ Administered Medicaid Program and Services for low income seniors and
adults with disabilities, including determining financial benefits and service
eligibility. Benefits and services include Oregon Health Plan (medical coverage);
Food Stamps; and Case Management for long term care services (in-home care,
adult foster care, assisted living, residential care, and nursing facilities).
+ Managed Adult Protective Services and Adult Foster Home licensing for all
seniors and adults with physical disabilities:
+ Provided in-home services under Oregon Project Independence to assist seniors
who are not eligible for Medicaid long term care services remain in their own homes.
18
~ Supported family caregivers who are caring for someone over 60 or for people who
are over 60 and caring for children age 18 and younger.
~ Maintained the Disaster Registry for vulnerable seniors and people with
disabilities to assist in disaster response and serve as the lead agency for the
Vulnerable Population's Branch of the Emergency Operations Center in the event of
a disaster.
~ Delivered Powerful Tools for Caregivers classes which help family caregivers
learn to take care of themselves while caring for others.
.. Provided Living Well classes in partnership with OSU Extension to help people with
Chronic Conditions to better manage their conditions.
~ Provided Tai Chi classes in partnership with OSU Extension to assist seniors with
fall prevention.
~ Provided seniors Information and Assistance, Respite, and Legal Services.
~ Provided Public Guardianship service to highly vulnerable seniors in Jackson
County through a contract with the Center for Non-Profit Legal Services.
Phoenix
~ Of PfIO€
~ ~
(; +
O-R-E-G-O-N
, ~ Working with human resource professionals from a
number of member jurisdictions, RVCOG staffed the
Rogue Valley Public Service Academy. RVPSA is a
cooperative effort to provide local, high-quality, affordable
training to public servants and other community leaders in
southern Oregon.
~ Staffed the Regional Problem Solving process. This multi-year, ground breaking
collaborative process will establish almost 900 acres of urban reserves for the City,
and will significantly improve the cost-effectiveness of the city's future expansions
and its ability to coordinate transportation and land use planning. The COG has
provided the vast majority of its facilitation and technical assistance as in-kind.
~ Coordinated public involvement for the Fern Valley Interchange project.
~ Staffed and coordinated the Rogue Valley Area Commission on Transportation
activities, including attending RVACT meetings, preparing meeting materials and
maintaining RVACT files.
~ Staffed the Rogue Valley Metropolitan Planning Organization (RVMPOj, fulfilling
federal and state requirements for a continuing, collaborative and comprehensive
regional transportation planning program for the Bear Creek Valley area, assuring
continued state and federal funding for transportation, including public transportation.
Key projects included:
o Coordinated allocation of more than $5 million in American Recovery and
Reinvestment Act funds
o Prepared and adopted 2009-2034 Regional Transportation Plan, coordinating
allocation of an estimated $330 million in transportation projects
o Developed Air Quality Conformity Determination showing region's consistency
with federal requirements for regional air quality
19
o Updated and maintained data for the regional travel demand model
o Completed Environmental Justice Plan for the MPO
.. Managed the region's $2 million annual Congestion Mitigation Air Quality
(CMAQ) program, including funding for Phoenix Street Sweeper.
.. Provided TMDL planning, Water Quality Implementation Planning (WQIP), and
Stormwater Management Plan assistance for Bear Creek (stormwater
management and planning, public outreach, pollution control, and riparian area
conservation). Completed the Bear Creek WQIP, which was approved by DEQ.
... Monitored riparian restoration projects on Payne Creek and Bear Creek at Blue
Heron Park.
.. Provided assistance to the Joint Powers Committee (JPC) in implementation of
the Bear Creek Greenway Management Plan. The JPC is now working
cooperatively to better manage the Bear Creek Greenway at lower cost to the
communities.
.. Promoted low impact development (LID) construction methods through
workshops for local homebuilders, and helped coordinate a regional program to
promote LID practices in residential, commercial and industrial developments
throughout the region.
.. Hosted an orientation for newly elected officials to the 8 major state agencies and
their activities in southern Oregon.
.. Provided meals to home-bound seniors in and immediately around the city.
.. Administered Medicaid Program and Services for low income seniors and
adults with disabilities, including determining financial benefits and service
eligibility. Benefits and services include Oregon Health Plan (medical coverage);
Food Stamps; and Case Management for long term care services (in-home care,
adult foster care, assisted living, residential care, and nursing facilities).
.. Managed Adult Protective Services and Adult Foster Home licensing for all
seniors and adults with physical disabilities.
.. Provided in-home services under Oregon Project Independence to assist seniors
who are not eligible for Medicaid long term care services remain in their own homes.
.. Supported family caregivers who are caring for someone over 60 or for people who
are over 60 and caring for children age 18 and younger
.. Maintained the Disaster Registry for vulnerable seniors and people with
disabilities to assist in disaster response and serve as the lead agency for the
Vulnerable Population's Branch of the Emergency Operations Center in the event of
a disaster.
~ Delivered Powerful Tools for Caregivers classes which help family caregivers
learn to take care of themselves while caring for others.
.. Provided Living Well classes in partnership with OSU Extension to help people with
Chronic Conditions to better manage their conditions.
.. Provided Tai Chi classes in partnership with OSU Extension to assist seniors with
fall prevention ,
.. Provided seniors Information and Assistance, Respite, and Legal Services,
~ Provided Public Guardianship service to highly vulnerable seniors in Jackson
County through a contract with the Center for Non-Profit Legal Services
20
Talent
.. Working with human resource professionals from a number of
member jurisdictions, RVCOG staffed the Rogue Valley Public
Service Academy. RVPSA is a cooperative effort to provide local,
high-quality, affordable training to public servants and other
community leaders in southern Oregon.
.. Assisted with the Talent Transportation System Plan.
.. Staffed the Regional Problem Solving process. This multi-year, ground breaking
collaborative process will establish almost 300 acres of urban reserves for the City,
and will significantly improve the cost-effectiveness of the city's future expansions
and its ability to coordinate transportation and land use planning. The COG has
provided the vast majority of its facilitation and technical assistance as in-kind.
.. Managed the region's $2 million annual Congestion Mitigation Air Quality
(CMAQ) program, including funding for sidewalk-bike lane project.
.. Staffed and coordinated the Rogue Valley Area Commission on Transportation
activities, including attending RVACT meetings, preparing meeting materials and
maintaining RVACT files.
.. Staffed the Rogue Valley Metropolitan Planning Organization (RVMPO), fulfilling
federal and state requirements for a continuing, collaborative and comprehensive
regional transportation planning program for the Bear Creek Valley area, assuring
continued state and federal funding for transportation, including public transportation.
Key projects included:
o Coordinated allocation of more than $5 million in American Recovery and
Reinvestment Act funds.
o Prepared and adopted 2009-2034 Regional Transportation Plan, coordinating
allocation of an estimated $330 million in transportation projects
o Developed Air Quality Conformity Determination showing region's consistency
with federal requirements for regional air quality.
o Updated and maintained data for the regional travel demand model
o Completed Environmental Justice Plan for the MPO
.. Prepared Community Development Block Grant Application
.. Monitored water quality for Bear Creek and tributaries to comply with Clean
Water Act Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) requirements. With regional
cooperation and funding, monitoring is conducted consistently and regularly, data are
analyzed, recorded and reported as required by DEQ, and costs for sampling and
laboratory analysis are greatly reduced. As a result, RVCOG's water quality data and
results are classified by DEQ as highest quality, 'Class A' data.
.. Collected and analyzed stormwater runoff and spills throughout the Bear Creek
watershed to protect streams from pollution and to ensure regional compliance with
TMDL requirements by all jurisdictions.
.. Provided TMDL planning, Water Quality Implementation Planning (WQIP), and
Stormwater Management Plan assistance for Bear Creek (stormwater
management and planning, public outreach, pollution control, and riparian area
conservation). Completed the Bear Creek WQIP, which was approved by DEQ.
21
,
. Provided assistance to the Joint Powers Committee (JPC) in implementation of
the Bear Creek Greenway Management Plan. The JPC is now working
cooperatively to better manage the Bear Creek Greenway at lower cost to the
communities.
. Promoted low impact development (LID) construction methods through
workshops for local homebuilders, and helped coordinate a regional program to
promote LID practices in residential, commercial and industrial developments
throughout the region.
~ Hosted an orientation for newly elected officials to the 8 major state agencies and
their activities in southern Oregon.
. Provided meals to home-bound seniors and served meals at the city's
congregate site
. Administered Medicaid Program and Services for low income seniors and
adults with disabilities, including determining financial benefits and service
eligibility. Benefits and services include Oregon Health Plan (medical coverage);
Food Stamps; and Case Management for long term care services (in-home care,
adult foster care, assisted living, residential care, and nursing facilities)
. Managed Adult Protective Services and Adult Foster Home licensing for all
seniors and adults with physical disabilities
. Provided in-home services under Oregon Project Independence to assist seniors
who are not eligible for Medicaid long term care services remain in their own homes.
. Supported family caregivers who are caring for someone over 60 or for people who
are over 60 and caring for children age 18 and younger.
. Maintained the Disaster Registry for vulnerable seniors and people with
disabilities to assist in disaster response and serve as the lead agency for the
Vulnerable Population's Branch of the Emergency Operations Center in the event of
a disaster. ,
. Delivered Powerful Tools for Caregivers classes which help family caregivers
learn to take care of themselves while caring for others.
~ Provided Living Well classes in partnership with OSU.Extension to help people with
chronic conditions to better manage their conditions.
. Provided Tai Chi classes in partnership with OSU Extension to assist seniors with
fall prevention.
. Provided seniors Information and Assistance, Respite, and Legal Services.
. Provided Public Guardianship service to highly vulnerable seniors in Jackson
County through a contract with the Center for Non-Profit Legal Services.
Jacksonville
. Working with human resource professionals from a number
of member jurisdictions, RVCOG staffed the Rogue Valley
Public Service Academy. RVPSA is a cooperative effort to
provide local, high-quality, affordable training to public servants
and other community leaders in southern Oregon.
. Managed a TGM grant to assist with the Jacksonville
Transportation System Plan. RVCOG-provided professional
22
planning services were at little direct cost to the City.
~ Provided zoning map updates and GIS assistance.
+ Staffed and coordinated the Rogue Valley Area Commission on Transportation
activities, including attending RVACT meetings, preparing meeting materials and
maintaining RVACT files.
+ Staffed the Rogue Valley Metropolitan Planning Organization (RVMPO), fulfilling
federal and state requirements for a continuing, collaborative and comprehensive
regional transportation planning program for the Bear Creek Valley area, assuring
continued state and federal funding for transportation, including public transportation.
Key projects included:
o Coordinated allocation of more than $5 million in American Recovery and
Reinvestment Act funds.
o Prepared and adopted 2009-2034 Regional Transportation Plan, coordinating
allocation of an estimated $330 million in transportation projects
o Developed Air Quality Conformity Determination showing region's consistency
with federal requirements for regional air quality.
o Updated and maintained data for the regional travel demand model
o Completed Environmental Justice Plan for the MPO
+ Completed the Jacksonville TSP: RVMPO staff completed the Transportation
Systems Plan (TSP) for Jacksonville. This included directing multiple Technical
Advisory Committee (TAC) meetings, setting up and directing meetings for city
committees and compiling/writing a final draft of the TSP which was adopted in July
of 2009.
+ Monitored water quality for Bear Creek and tributaries to comply with Clean
Water Act Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) requirements. With regional
cooperation and funding, monitoring is conducted consistently and regularly, data are
analyzed, recorded and reported as required by DEQ, and costs for sampling and
laboratory analysis are greatly reduced. As a result, RVCOG's water quality data and
results are classified by DEQ as highest quality, 'Class A' data.
~ Collected and analyzed stormwater runoff and spills throughout the Bear Creek
watershed to protect streams from pollution and to ensure regional compliance with
TMDL requirements by all jurisdictions.
+ Provided TMDL and Water Quality Implementation Planning (WQIP) assistance.
Completed the Bear Creek WQIP, which was approved by DEQ.
+ Provided assistance to the Joint Powers Committee (JPC) in implementation of
the Bear Creek Greenway Management Plan. The JPC is now working
cooperatively to better manage the Bear Creek Greenway at lower cost to the
communities.
+ Promoted low impact development (LID) construction methods through
workshops for local homebuilders, and helped coordinate a regional program to
promote LID practices in residential, commercial and industrial developments
throughout the region. !
+ Provided assistance in planning for the Jacksonville Reservoir spillway renovation
and mapping for parks master planning.
+ Hosted an orientation for newly elected officials to the 8 major state agencies and
their activities in southern Oregon.
23
+ Provided meals to home-bound seniors and served meals at the city's
congregate site.
+ Administered Medicaid Program and Services for low income seniors and
adults with disabilities, including determining financial benefits and service
eligibility. Benefits and services include Oregon Health Plan (medical coverage);
Food Stamps; and Case Management for long term care services (in-home care,
adult foster care, assisted living, residential care, and nursing facilities).
+ Managed Adult Protective Services and Adult Foster Home licensing for all
seniors and adults with physical disabilities.
+ Provided in-home services under Oregon Project Independence to assist seniors
who are not eligible for Medicaid long term care services remain in their own homes.
+ Supported family caregivers who are caring for someone over 60 or for people who
are oVE;lr 60 and caring for children age 18 and younger.
+ Maintained the Disaster Registry for vulnerable seniors and people with
disabilities to assist in disaster response and serve as the lead agency for the
Vulnerable Population's Branch of the Emergency Operations Center in the event of
a disaster.
+ Delivered Powerful Tools for Caregivers classes which help family caregivers
learn to take care of themselves while caring for others.
+ Provided Living Well classes in partnership with OSU Extension to help people with
Chronic Conditions to better manage their conditions.
+ Provided Tai Chi classes in partnership with OSU Extension to assist seniors with
fall prevention.
+ Provided seniors Information and Assistance, Respite, and Legal Services.
+ Provided Public Guardianship service to highly vulnerable seniors in Jackson
County through a contract with the Center for Non-Profit Legal Services.
Shad~ Cove
+ Working with human resource professionals from a number of
member jurisdictions, RVCOG staffed the Rogue Valley Public
Service Academy. RVPSA is a cooperative effort to provide local,
high-quality, affordable training to public servants and other
community leaders in southern Oregon.
+ Provided staff to serve as the city's contract Ilmd use planner.
This permits the City to use the services of a senior level planner
on an hourly basis to handle the more complex planning issues,
while avoiding the costs involved in hiring a permanent employee. '
+ Managed the city's UGB expansion, leading to more recent work on annexing
lands to the City.
+ Completed the Shady Cove Local Street Network Plan. This plan serves as the
transportation framework for land use planning decisions. Use of grant funding
permits RVCOG to provide professional level planning services at little direct cost to
the City.
J. c;hect... c
~,!W~~ ~
0."'=
". f, 0
24
+ Staffed and coordinated the Rogue Valley Area Commission on Transportation
activities, including attending RVACT meetings, preparing meeting materials and
,
maintaining RVACT files.
+ Provided Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) planning assistance for Rogue
River TMDL, and obtained an $80,000 grant to provide WQIP assistance for TMDL
planning that DEQ requires from every community in the Rogue River basin.
+ Promoted low impact development (LID) construction methods through
workshops for local homebuilders, and helped coordinate a regional program to
promote LID practices in residential, commercial and industrial developments
throughout the region.
+ Hosted an orientation for newly elected officials to the 8 major state agencies and
their activities in southern Oregon.
+ Provided meals to home-bound seniors and served meals at the city's
congregate site.
+ Administered Medicaid Program and Services for low income seniors and
adults with disabilities, including determining financial benefits and service
eligibility. Benefits and services include Oregon Health Plan (medical coverage);
Food Stamps; and Case Management for long term care services (in-home care,
adult foster care, assisted living, residential care, and nursing facilities).
+ Managed Adult Protective Services and Adult Foster Home licensing for all
seniors and adults with physical disabilities.
+ Provided in-home services under Oregon Project Independence to assist seniors
who are not eligible for Medicaid long term care services remain in their own homes.
+ Supported family caregivers who are caring for someone over 60 or for people who
are over 60 and caring for children age 18 and younger.
+ Maintained the Disaster Registry for vulnerable seniors and people with
disabilities to assist in disaster response and serve as the lead agency for the
Vulnerable Population's Branch of the Emergency Operations Center in the event of
a disaster.
.. Delivered Powerful Tools for Caregivers classes which help family caregivers
learn to take care of themselves while caring for others.
+ Provided Living Well classes in partnership with OSU Extension to help people with
chronic conditions to better manage their conditions.
+ Provided Tai Chi classes in partnership with OSU Extension to assist seniors with
fall prevention.
.. Provided seniors Information and Assistance, Respite, and Legal Services.
.. Provided Public Guardianship service to highly vulnerable seniors in Jackson
County through a contract with the Center for Non-Profit Legal Services.
25
... Working with human resource professionals from a number
of member jurisdictions, RVCOG staffed the Rogue Valley
Public Service Academy. RVPSA is a cooperative effort to
provide local, high-quality, affordable training to public servants
and other community leaders in southern Oregon.
... Provided planning support for the Rogue River Greenway
Recreational Corridor, and obtained a $1.1 million grant to complete a one-mile
stretch of greenway including a new bridge.
... Staffed and coordinated the Rogue Valley Area Commission on Transportation
activities, including attending RVACT meetings, preparing meeting materials and
maintaining RVACT files.
... Provided on-call assistance for community development activities.
... Worked with the City on a Low Impact Development project by providing
technical assistance in low impact development measures.
... Provided Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) planning assistance for Rogue
River TMDL, and obtained an $80,000 grant to provide WQIP assistance for TMDL
planning that DEQ requires from every community in the Rogue River basin.
... Administered the CDBG grant for Rogue River Downtown Development.
... Administered Oregon Parks and Recreation Department Local Government
Grant Program for the Palmerton Park Restroom Remodel and Restoration.
... Provided a variety of hardware and software assistance to the city and police
department.
... Hosted an orientation for newly elected officials to the 8 major state agencies and
their activities in southern Oregon.
... Provided meals to home-bound seniors and served meals at the city's
congregate site.
... Administered Medicaid Program and Services for low income seniors and
adults with disabilities, including determining financial benefits and service
eligibility. Benefits and services include Oregon Health Plan (medical coverage);
Food Stamps; and Case Management for long term care services (in-home care,
adult foster care, assisted living, residential care, and nursing facilities).
... Managed Adult Protective Services and Adult Foster Home licensing for all
seniors and adults with physical disabilities.
... Provided in-home services under Oregon Project Independence to assist seniors
who are not eligible for Medicaid long term care services remain in their own homes.
... Supported family caregivers who are caring for someone over 60 or for people who
are over 60 and caring for children age 18 and younger.
. Maintained the Disaster Registry for vulnerable seniors and people with
disabilities to assist in disaster response and serve as the lead agency for the
Vulnerable Population's Branch of the Emergency Operations Center in the event of
a disaster.
... Delivered Powerful Tools for Caregivers classes which help family caregivers
learn to take care of themselves while caring for others.
... Provided Living Well classes in partnership with OSU Extension to help people with
chronic conditions to better manage their conditions.
26
-+ Provided Tai Chi classes in partnership with OSU Extension to assist seniors with
fall prevention.
-+ Provided seniors Information and Assistance, Respite, and Legal Services.
-+ Provided Public Guardianship service to highly vulnerable seniors in Jackson
County through a contract with the Center for Non-Profit Legal Services.
Gold Hill
-+ Working with human resource professionals from a number of
member jurisdictions, RVCOG staffed the Rogue Valley Public
Service Academy. RVPSA is a cooperative effort to provide
local, high-quality, affordable training to public servants and other
community leaders in southern Oregon.
-+ Provided staff to act as the city's contract land use planner.
This permits the City to use the services of a senior level planner
on an hourly basis to handle the more complex planning issues,
while avoiding the costs involved in hiring a permanent employee.
. Provided planning support for the Rogue River Greenway Recreational
Corridor, and obtained a $1.1 million grant to complete a one-mile stretch of
greenway including a new bridge. Also managed the Gold Ray Solutions Team
process for the Greenway. When the plan for the corridor is completed and the trail
is constructed, the Rogue River Greenway will reach Grants Pass, and connect with
the Bear Creek Greenway.
-+ Staffed and coordinated the Rogue Valley Area Commission on Transportation
activities, including attending RVACT meetings, preparing meeting materials and
maintaining RVACT files.
-+ Provided on-call administrative assistance (improvements to water treatment facility).
-+ Provided Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) planning assistance for Rogue River
TMDL, and obtained an $80,000 grant to provide WQIP assistance for TMDL planning that
DEQ requires from every community in the Rogue River basin.
-+ Promoted low impact development (LID) construction methods through
workshops for local homebuilders, and helped coordinate a regional program to
promote LID practices in residential, commercial and industrial developments
throughout the region.
-+ With 1.5 million in grants obtained by RVCOG, provided project management,
administration, riparian restoration, monitoring, and public involvement for the
Gold Hill Dam removal project. Dam was removed in July 2008, but riparian
restoration, monitoring and trail building activities are continuing.
. Provided water quality planning assistance (stormwater management, pollution
control, and riparian area conservation).
-+ Hosted an orientation for newly elected officials to the 8 major state agencies and
their activities in southern Oregon.
-+ Provided meals to home-bound seniors in and immediately around the city.
-+ Administered Medicaid Program and Services for low income seniors and
adults with disabilities, including Cletermining financial benefits and service
eligibility. Benefits and services include Oregon Health Plan (medical coverage);
27
Food Stamps; and Case Management for long term care services (in-home care,
adult foster care, assisted living, residential care, and nursing facilities).
~ Managed Adult Protective Services and Adult Foster Home licensing for all
seniors and adults with physical disabilities.
~ Provided in-home services under Oregon Project Independence to assist seniors
who are not eligible for Medicaid long term care services remain in their own homes.
~ Supported family caregivers who are caring for someone over 60 or for people who
are over 60 and caring for children age 18 and younger.
~ Maintained the Disaster Registry for vulnerable seniors and people with
disabilities to assist in disaster response and serve as the lead agency for the
Vulnerable Population's Branch of the Emergency Operations Center in the event of
a disaster. .
~ Delivered Powerful Tools for Caregivers classes which help family caregivers
learn to take care of themselves while caring for others.
~ Provided Living Well classes in partnership with OSU Extension to help people with
chronic conditions to better manage their conditions.
~ Provided Tai Chi classes in partnership with OSU Extension to assist seniors with
fall prevention.
~ Provided seniors Information and Assistance, Respite, and Legal Services.
~ Provided Public Guardianship service to highly vulnerable seniors in Jackson
County through a contract with the Center for Non-Profit Legal Services
Cave Junction
~ Working with human resource professionals from a
number of member jurisdictions, RVCOG staffed the
Rogue Valley Public Service Academy. RVPSA is a
cooperative effort to provide local, high-quality, affordable
training to public servants and other community leaders in
southern Oregon.
~ Provided a variety of current planning services on an
as needed basis. This permits the City to use the services of a senior level planner
on an hourly basis to handle the more complex planning issues, while avoiding the
costs involved in hiring a permanent employee.
~ Obtained and administered a $1 million CDBG grant for the Kerby Water System.
~ Provided financial administration of a $2.2 million USDA grant I loan for the
Kerby Water System.
~ Provided Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) planning assistance for Rogue
River TMDL, and obtained an $80,000 grant to provide WQIP assistance for TMDL
planning that DEQ requires from every community in the Rogue River basin.
~ Staffed and coordinated the Rogue Valley Area Commission on Transportation
activities, including attending RVACT meetings, preparing meeting materials and
maintaining RVACT files.
~ Hosted an orientation for newly elected officials to the 8 major state agencies and
their activities in southern Oregon.
28
~ Provided meals to home-bound seniors and served meals at the city's
congregate site.
~ Administered Medicaid Program and Services for low income seniors and
adults with disabilities, including determining financial benefits and service
eligibility. Benefits and services include Oregon Health Plan (medical coverage);
Food Stamps; and Case Management for long term care services (in-home care,
adult foster care, assisted living, residential care, and nursing facilities).
~ Managed Adult Protective Services and Adult Foster Home licensing for all
seniors and adults with physical disabilities.
~ Provided in-home services under Oregon Project Independence to assist seniors
who are not eligible for Medicaid long term care services remain in their own homes.
~ Supported family caregivers who are caring for someone over 60 or for people who
are over 60 and caring for children age 18 and younger.
~ Maintained the Disaster Registry for vulnerable seniors and people with
disabilities to assist in disaster response and serve as the lead agency for the
Vulnerable Population's Branch of the Emergency Operations Center in the event of
a disaster.
~ Delivered Powerful Tools for Caregivers classes which help family caregivers
learn to take care of themselves while caring for others.
~ Provided Living Well classes in partnership with OSU Extension to help people with
Chronic Conditions to better manage their conditions.
~ Provided Tai Chi classes in partnership with OSU Extension to assist seniors with
fall prevention
~ Provided seniors Information and Assistance, Respite, and Legal Services.
Butte Falls
.. Working with human resource professionals from a
number of member jurisdictions, RVCOG staffed the Rogue
Valley Public Service Academy. RVPSA is a cooperative
effort to provide local, high-quality, affordable training to public
servants and other community leaders in southern Oregon.
.. Senior meals for Butte Fall residents available at the Shady
Cove congregate site.
.. Staffed and coordinated the Rogue Valley Area
Commission on Transportation activities, including attending
RVACT meetings, preparing meeting materials and maintaining
. RVACT files.
.. Provided Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) planning assistance for Rogue
River TMDL, and obtained an $80,000 grant to provide WQIP assistance for TMDL
planning that DEQ requires from every community in the Rogue River basin.
~ Hosted an orientation for newly elected officials to the 8 major state agencies and
their activities in southern Oregon.
~ Administered Medicaid Program and Services for low income seniors and
adults with disabilities, including determining financial benefits and service
eligibility. Benefits and services include Oregon Health Plan (medical coverage);
29
Food Stamps; and Case Management for long term care services (in-home care,
adult foster care, assisted living, residential care, and nursing facilities).
.. Managed Adult Protective Services and Adult Foster Home licensing for all
seniors and adults with physical disabilities.
.. Provided in-home services under Oregon Project Independence to assist seniors
who are not eligible for Medicaid long term care services remain in their own homes.
.. Supported family caregivers who are caring for someone over 60 or for people who
are over 60 and caring for children age 18 and younger.
~ Maintained the Disaster Registry for vulnerable seniors and people with
disabilities to assist in disaster response and serve as the lead agency for the
Vulnerable Population's Branch of the Emergency Operations Center in the event of
a disaster.
.. Delivered Powerful Tools for Caregivers classes which help family caregivers
learn to take care of themselves while caring for others.
.. Provided Living Well classes in partnership with OSU Extension to help people with
Chronic Conditions to better manage their conditions.
.. Provided Tai Chi classes in partnership with OSU Extension to assist seniors with
fall prevention.
.. Provided seniors Information and Assistance, Respite, and Legal Services.
.. Provided Public Guardianship service to highly vulnerable seniors in Jackson
County through a contract with the Center for Non-Profit Legal Services.
30
..:,(.J,,,...,:\!.uJ,.. ~,... y- (, .ID 11'--1)
U"''' Cl--.I:> . L.<>--t\..'1 O~&es-l
Gun Club Concerns presented by Cathy DeForest
on April 6, 2010 at City Council Meeting
In July of 2008 I spoke to the City Council representing over 400 citizens who requested
an environmental impact study be done before the City renewed the lease to the Ashland
Gun Club. We are grateful that you allocated funds to do such a study. We understand .
why an extension of the Gun Club lease is being considered. We appreciate the due
diligence you are doing regarding the management ofthis complex situation.
We live near the Gun Club and our interest in these practices increased as our research
led us to study other Gun Club situations and the fiscal, legal and environmental
implication they have had on other cities. We know you are following or will follow the
guidelines required by the State of Oregon. We believe however, that some of the
research done in other states is relevant to these issues.
We have two requests:
1. We would like to introduce into the record the information we emailed to the Council
and Staff on March 17. Entitled the IMPACTS OF LEAD AMMUNITION ON
WILDLIFE, THE ENVIRONMENT, AND HUMAN HEALTH - A LITERATURE
REVIEW AND IMPLICATIONS FOR MINNESOTA
This study includes 500 citations ofresearch on the impac1s of Lead Ammunition. It
describes how birds in wetland areas in particular are vulnerable to death from lead
because grit is essential for their digestive systems and they do not differentiate between
grit and lead shot of similar size. It lists 117 bird species that have died from ingesting
lead shot. We request that you consider this body of research and similar research as a
part of your due diligence.
2. We also request that you extend the analysis of the impact of gunshot lead on birds.
The analysis done by the firm Brown and Caldwell seems inadequate regarding birds,
They observed bird for two days, August 11 and 12. They did not see owls or migra10ry
birds on those two days. However migratory birds are there in different seasons. Owls
nest on property adjacent to the gun club. These birds can be readily observed on most
days. There are also several bird experts who live in this area and perhaps they could
evaluate this situation more fully if the cost is too high to ask Brown and Caldwell to do
further study. We submitted a report sponsored by the Peregrine Fund in 2008 that
describes the deadly effect of gun shot on wildlife and humans, particularly birds. Since
there are new members to this Council, we are providing a copy of that report again for
your review.
We appreciate what the city is doing to do due diligence in this matter. We are presenting
this info to avoid the adverse legal and fiscal impact other cities have incurred in similar
situations. Thank you for the opportunity to speak.
~bM11td c.f{ MID
~/Jl~,J
/Jwt(!kb
IMPACTS OF LEAD AMMUNITION ON WILDLIFE, THE ENVIRONMENT, AND HUMAN
HEALTH -A LITERATURE REVIEW AND IMPLICATIONS FOR MINNESOTA
MOllY A. TRANEl AND RICHARD O. KIMMEL
Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Farmland Wildlife Population and Research Group,
35365 80Uh Ave, Madelia, MN 56062, USA.
E-mail: molly.tranel@dnr.state.mn.us
ABsTRAcr.-The Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) has been investigating non-toxic
shot regulations for upland small game hunting because there is considerable evidence that the use of lead
ammunition impacts the health of wildlife, the environment, and humans. In 2006 MDNR established a
Non-toxic Shot Advisory Committee (NSAC) to provide citizen input on restricting lead shot for small
game hunting. To support the NSAC discussions, we summarized available literature regarding lead. am-
munition and its effects on wildlife, the environment, and human health. This literature review includes
more than 500 citations on lead and non-toxic ammunition related issues worldwide and summarizes stud-
ies regarding ingestion of lead shot, bullets, and fragments by wildlife species and the impacts of lead poi-
soning on wildlife, the environment, and humans. We found Over 130 species of animals (including upland
birds, raptors, waterfowl, and reptiles) have been reported in the literature as being exposed or killed by in-
gesting lead shot, bullets, bullet fragments, or prey contaminated with lead ammunition. The impacts of in-
gested lead on wildlife included decreased survival, poor body condition, behavioral changes, and impaired
reproduction. We found 15 recent studies that demonstrated the impacts of lead ammunition on human
health. Studies in Canada, Greenland, and Russia linked lead shot found in game animals to higher levels of
lead in people who eat those game animals, and receot evidence shows that meat far from entry wounds
may contain lead fragments. Effective non-toxic alternatives to lead shot are available, and at costs compa-
rable to lead. The results of our review demonstrate the effects of lead ammunition on wildlife, the envi-
.. ronment, and human health and support the need for the use of non-toxic alternatives to lead ammunition.
Received 30 May 2008, accepted 28 July 2008.
TRANEL, M. A., AND R. O. KIMMEL. 2009. Impacts of lead ammunition on wildlife, the environment, and
human health-A literature review and implications for Minnesota. In R. T. Watson, M. Fuller, M. Pokras,
and W. G, Hunt (Eds.), Ingestion of Lead from Spent Ammunition: Implications for Wildlife and Humans.
The Peregrine Fund, Boise, Idaho, USA. DOl IOA080/ilsa.2009.0307
Key words: Hunting, lead ammunition, lead poisoning, lead shot, noD-toxic shot, Pb, Minnesota.
THE MINNESOTA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RE.
SOURCES (MDNR) has been investigating non-toxic
shot regulations for upland small game hunting be-
cause there is considerable evidence that lead shot
impacts the health of wildlife, the environment, and
humans. Currently, Minnesota's non-toxic shot
regulations beyond federal waterfowl regulations
are for managed dove fields, which included four
wildlife management areas for 2007. In May 2006,
MDNR established a Non-toxic Shot Advisory
Committee (NSAC) to provide citizen input on
whether to restrict lead shot for upland small game
hunting. The NSAC included constituents with in-
terests in hunting, the environment, human health,
and the ammunition industry. The committee
unanimously agreed restrictions on the use of lead
1
-TRANElAND KIMMEl-
shot were needed for hunting beyond current fed-
eral and state regulations, and that lead shot will
inevitably have to be restricted for all shotgun hunt-
ing at some future time. However, opinions varied
on a timetable for implementing various regulations
for Minnesota (NSAC 2006). To support the NSAC
discussions, we summarized available literature re-
garding lead ammunition and its effects on wildlife,
the environmen~ and human health. The literature
review includes more than 500 citations on lead and
non-toxic ammunition-related issues worldwide
(Tranel and Kimmel 2008).
IMPACTS OF LEAD AMMUNITION ON WILDLIFE
Wildlife mortality from ingestion of lead shot was
first reported more than 100 years ago. In 1876, H.
S. Calvert published "Pheasants Poisoned by Swal-
lowing Shot" (Calvert 1876), and a second article
about pheasants poisoned by lead shot appeared in
1882 (Holland 1882). In 1894, G. B. Grinnell pub-
lished an article, entitled "Lead Poisoning," in For-
est and Stream (Grinnell 1894). Since that time,
professional journals have published literature that
provides scientific evidence of lead ingestion by
wildlife, lead toxicity to wildlife, and lead accumu-
lation in wildlife and human tissues resulting from
lead shot (Trane! and Kimmel 2008). The literature
documents over 130 species of wildlife that have
ingested lead sho~ bullets, or bullet fragments (Ta-
ble I). Some wildlife species, such as raptors (e.g.,
hawks, eagles, and condors), are "secondarily poi-
soned" by consuming animals that either ate or
were shot with lead ammunition.
Impacts of lead shot on wildlife include decreased
survival, poor body condition, behavioral changes,
and impaired reproduction. Tavecchia et al. (200 I)
reported decreased survival of Mallards (Anas
platyrhynchos) from lead ingestion in France. Sileo
et al. (1973) reported 25-45% reduction in body
weight followed by death for Canada Geese
(Branta canadensis) dosed with lead shot. Death as
a result of poisoning from lead shot has been dem-
onstrated for many species, including doves (Schulz
et al. 2006a, Schulz et al. 2007), Mallards (Finley
and Dieter 1978, Anderson and Havera 1989), and
Canada Geese (Cook and Trainer 1966). Fisher et
al. (2006) suggested that behavioral changes result-
ing from lead poisoning might influence suscepti-
bility to predation, disease, and starvation, which
increases the probability of death. Mallards experi-
mentally dosed with lead shot had reduced immu-
nologic cells (Rocke and Samuel 1991) and de-
pressed antibody production (Trust et al. 1990).
Experimental evidence has demonstrated impaired
reproduction from lead shot ingestion in captive
doves (Buerger et al. 1986) and domestic Mallards
(Elder 1954).
Lead shot impacts on wildlife were most obvious in
heavily hunted areas, such as wetlands that were
popular waterfowl hunting areas. Because grit is
essential for the digestive systems of waterfowl
(and most upland game birds), and birds do not dif-
ferentiate between lead shot and grit of a similar
size, wildlife feeding and gathering grit in these
wetlands also pick up lead shot (Osmer 1940). Wil-
son (1937) reported lead poisooing in ducks, geese,
and swans discovered in Back Bay, Virginia, and
Currituck Sound, North Carolina. He analyzed giz-
zards, some of which contained more than 100 full-
sized No. 4 lead shot and partly ground remains.
Osmer (1940) noted that "ingestion of six No. 5
shot by a duck is fatal. Even two or three shot are
often fatal." Bellrase (1959) summarized historic
information on duck die-offs from lead poisoning
ranging from hundreds of ducks in Indiana (1922)
and in Louisiana (1930) to as many as 16,000 birds
in Missouri (1945-1957) and Arkansas (1953-
1954).
Studies in Minnesota documented lead shot prob-
lems for Bald Eagles (Ha/iaeetus leucocephalus)
and Canada Geese (Minnesota Department ofNatu-
ral Resources 1981, Bengston 1984, Hennes 1985).
Problems were considered severe enough at that
time for a steel shot zone to be established for Can-
ada Goose hunting at Lac Qui Parle Wildlife Man-
agement Area (Bengston 1984). Hennes (1985)
noted that lead shot poisoning of Bald Eagles de-
creased, but wasn't eliminated. A Trumpeter Swan
(Cygnus buccinator) die-off in 2007 at Grass Lake
in Wright County, Minnesota was attributed to poi-
sooing from lead shot (Minnesota Department of
Natural Resources 2007).
2
- IMPACTS OF LEAD AMMUNITION -
Table 1. Species documenled as ingeSling lead shol, bullets, fragmenls, or contaminated prey, and species
with elevated lead bone, 1issue, or blood levels from lead ammuntlion. Due to 1he large amounl of Itlerature
for some species, only selected references are IiSled.
Species
Birds
American Black Duck (Anas rubriPBS)
American Coot (FuJica americana)
'American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos)
, Andean Condor (Vultur gryphus)
'Bald Eagle (Ha/iaeetus leucocephalus)
'Bam Owl (Tyto alba)
Black-bellied Whistling Duck (Dendrocygna
autumns/is)
Black-necked Stm (Himantopus mexicanus)
Black Scoter (Me/anitta nigra)
Black Swan (Cygnus atratus)
Black-tailed Godwit (Limosa limosa)
Blue-headed Vireo (Vireo soJitarius)
Blue-winged Teal (Anas discors)
Brant Goose (Branta bamicla)
Brown Thrasher (Toxastoms rutum)
Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ala"
BuHlehead (Bucephala albea/a)
. California Condor (Gymnogyps
calffomianus)
California Gull (Larus californicus)
Canada Goose (Brania canadensis &
B. hutchinsi~
Canvasback (Aythya valisineria)
Chukar (Alectoris chukar)
Cinnamon Teal (Anas cyanoptera)
Clapper Rail (Ral/us longirostris)
'Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo)
Common Com (Fulicaatra)
Common Eider (Soma/eris mollissima)
Common Goldeneye (BuC8phala clangula)
Common Moorhen (Gal/inu/a chloropus)
Common Pheasant (Phasianus co/chicus)
Common Pochard (Aythya ferina)
References
WMe & Stendell (1977): Zwank et al. (1985)
Jones (1939); Anderson (1975)
NYDEC (2000) as read in Golden & Rattner
(2002)
Locke et al. (1969)
Jacobson et al. (1977); Clark & Scheuhammer
(2003)
Mateo et al. (2003)
Estabrooks (1987)
Hall & Fisher (1985)
Lemay at al. (1989) as translated in Brown at al.
(2006)
Koh & Harper (1998)
Pain (1990)
Lawis at al. (2001)
Bellrosa (1959); Zwank at al. (1985)
National Wildlifa Haalth Laboratory (1985)
Lawis at al. (2001)
Vyas et ai. (2000)
Scanlon at al. (1980); Sandarsen and Belrosa
(1986)
Church et al. (2006); Cada (2007)
Quortrup & Shillingar (1941)
Bellrose (1959); Szymczak & Adrian (1978)
Bellrose (1959); Havara et al. (1992)
Waltar & Reese (2003); Larsan (2006)
Ballrose (1959)
Jonas (1939)
MacDonald at al. (1983); Battaglia et al. (2005)
Mateo at al. (2000)
Franson at al. (1995); Flint at al. (1997)
Bellrose (1959); Andarson (1975)
Jones (1939); Locke & Friand (1992)
Huntar & Rosan (1965); Butler at al. (2005)
Matao at al. (1998); Matao at al. (2000)
Location
North America
North America
Naw York, USA
Captive
North America
Spain
Sinaloa, Mexico
Texas, USA
Quebec, Canada
Australia
France
Gaorgia, USA
North America
North America
Georgia, USA
North America
North America
North America
North America
North America
North America
Ora90n, USA
North America
North America
France; Italy
Spain
Alaska, USA
North America
North America
North America; England
Spain
3
-TRANELAND KIMMEL-
Species
b'.Common Raven (Corvus corax)
Common Snipe (Gallinago gaJlinago)
Common Teal (Anas crecca)
Common Wood-pigeon (Columba palumbus)
C Cooper's Hawk (Accipiter cooperi~
Dark-eyed Junco (Junco h)l9matis)
Dunlin (CaJidris a/pinal
b Egyptian Vulture (N80phron percnopterus)
. Eurasian Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo)
b Eurasian Griffon (Gyps fulvus)
b Eurasian sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus)
c,b European Honey-buzzard
(Pemis apivorus)
Gadwall (Anas str9para)
Glaucous-winged Gull (Latus glauC6SC8ns)
',' Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos)
'Gray-headed Woodpecker (Picus canus)
bGreat Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus)
Greater Flamingo (Ph60nicopterus rubet)
Greater Scaup (Aythya marila)
Greater White-fronted Goose
(Anssr albifrons)
Green-winged Teal (Anas carolinensis)
Greylag Goose (Ansar anser)
Hardhead (Aythya auslratis)
Herring Gull (Laros argentatus)
Hungarian Partridge (Perdlx perdiX)
Jack Snipe (Lymnocryptes minimus)
Japanese Quail (Cotumix cotumiX)
King Rail (Ral/us elegans)
b King Vulture (Sarcorhampus papa)
. Laggar Falcon (Falco juggelj
Lesser Scaup (Aythya alfinis)
Long-billed Dowitcher (Limnodromus
scolopaceus)
. Long-eared Owl (Asia otus)
Long-tailed Duck (Clangula h)l9maJis)
Magpie Goose (Anseranas semipalmata)
References
Scheuhammer & Norris (1995): Craighead &
Bedrosian (2008)
Pain (1990); Olivier (2006)
Mateo at al. (2000)
Clausen & Wolstrop (1979)
Martin & Barrett (2001)
Vyas et al. (2000)
Kaiser et al. (1980)
Donazar et al. (2002)
Mateo et al. (2003)
Mateo et al. (2003); Garcia-Fernandez et al.
(2005)
MacDonald et aI. (1983)
Lumeij (1995)
Bellrose (1959); Mateo et al. (2000)
National Wildl~e Hea~h Laboratory (1985)
Craig et al. (1990); Kenntner et al. (2007)
Morner and Petersson (1999)
Clark & Scheuhammer (2003)
Schmitzet al. (1990); Mateo etal. (1997)
Bellrose (1959)
Zwank et al. (1985)
Bellrose (1959); Zwank at al. (1985)
Mudge (1983); DeFrancisco (2003)
Baxter et al. (1998)
National Wildlife Health Laboratory (1985)
Keymer & Stebbings (1987); Kreager et al.
(2007)
Olivier (2006)
Yamamoto et al. (1993)
Jones (1939)
Decker et al. (1979)
MacDonald at 01. (1983)
Bellrose (1959); Havera et al. (1992)
Hall & Fisher (1985)
Brinzal (1996) as read in Fisher et al. (2006)
Flint et aI. (1997); Skerratt at al. (2005)
Harper & Hindmarsh (1990); WMehead &
Tschirner (1991)
4
Location
Canada;
Wyoming, USA
France
Spain
Denmark
Canada
North America
British Columbia, Can-
ada
Canary Islands
Spain
Spain
France
The Nethe~ands
North America; Spain
North America
Idaho, USA; Switze~and
Sweden
Canada
Yucatan, Mexico; Spain
North America
Louisiana, USA
North America
England; Spain
Australia
North America
England; Canada
France
Japan
North America
Captive
Captive
North America
Texas, USA
Spain
Alaska, USA; North
America
Australia
- IMPACTS OF LEAD AMMUNITION-
Species
Mallard (Anas platrhynchos)
Maned Duck (Chenonetta jubs/a)
Marbled Godwit (Limosa fadoa)
Marbled Teal (Marmaronetta angustirostris)
Merganser (Mergus spp)
Middendorff's Bean Goose (Anoor fabalis
middendorffil)
Mottled Duck (Anas fulvigula)
Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura)
Musk Duck (Biziura lobata)
Mule Swan (Cygnus olo~
Northern Bobwhite Quail (Golinus
virginianus)
""Northern Goshawk (Accipffergentillis)
Northern Pintail (Anas Bcuta)
Northern Shoveler (Anas clypaata)
Pacific Black Duck (Anas suparciliosa)
Pacific Loon (Gallia pacifica)
b Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus)
Pink-footed Goose (Anser brachymynchus)
b Prairie Falcon (Falco mexicanus)
"Red Kite (Milvus milvus)
Red-tailed Hawk (Bu/eo jama/oonsis)
Red-crested Pochard (Netta rutina)
Red-legged Partridge (Alactoris rufa)
Redhead (Aythya americana)
Ring-necked Duck (Aythya collaris)
Rock Dove (Columba livia)
Rough-legged Hawk (Buteo lagopus)
Ruddy Duck (Oxyura jamaioonsis)
Ruffed Grouse (80nasa umbellus)
Sandhill Crane (Grus canadensis)
Scaled Quail (CaD/papla squamata)
Snow Goose (Ansar caeruJescens)
. Snowy Owl (Nyctea scand/aea)
Sora Rail (Porzana carolina)
SpaniSh Imperial Eagle (Aquila adalbertl)
References
Bellrose (1959), Mateo et al. (2000)
Kingsford et al. (1994)
Hall & Fisher (1985); Locke et al. (1991)
Mateo et al. (2001); Svanberg et al. (2006)
Bellrose (1959); Skerratt et aI. (2005)
Chiba at al. (1999)
Merendino et al. (2005)
Lewis & Legler (1968); Schulz et al. (2oo6a)
Department of Sustainability and Environment
(2003)
Bowen & Petrie (2007)
Westemeier (1966); Keel et al. (2002)
Marlin & Barrett (2001); Pain & Amiard-Triquet
(1993)
Bellrose (1959); Mateo et al. (2000)
Bellrose (1959); Mateo et al. (2000)
Baxter et al. (1998)
Wilson at al. (2004)
MacDonald et al. (1983); Pain et al. (1994)
Mudge (1983)
Redig (1980); MacDonald et al. (1963)
Mateo et al. (2003); Pain et al. (2007)
Sikarskie (19n); Clark & Scheuhammer (2003)
Mateo et al. (2000)
Buller (2005)
Bellrose (1959); Zwank et al. (1985)
Anderson (1975); Havera et al. (1992)
DeMent el al. (1987)
Locke & Friend (1992)
Perry & Artmann (1979); Sanderson & Bellrose
(1986)
Rodrigue et al. (2005); Kendall et al. (1984)
Windingstad et al. (1984): Franson & Hereford
(1994)
Campbell (1950); Best et al. (1992)
Bellrose (1959); Zwank et al. (1985)
MacDonald et al. (1963)
Artmann & Marlin (1975); Stendell et aI. (1980)
Mateo at al. (2000); Pain et al. (2005)
Location
North America; Spain
Australia
Texas, USA; North
America
Spain
North America
Japan
Texas, USA
North America
Australia
Great lakes, Canada
Illinois, USA
Canada; France
North America; Spain
North America; Spain
Australia
Alaska, USA
Captive; England
England
Captive
England
Canada
Spain
England
North America
North America
New York, USA
North America
North America
Virginia, USA; Canada
North America
New Mexico, USA
North America
Captive
Maryland, USA
Spain
5
-TRANEl AND KIMMEl-
Species
Spectacled Eider (Somataria fischarf)
. Stellet's Sea Eagle (Haliasa/us palagiaJs)
Trumpeter Swan (Cygnus buccinatot)
Tufted Duck (Aytha futigula)
Tundra Swan (Cygnus columbianus)
bTurkey Vulture (Cathartes aura)
Virginia Rail (Rallus timicola)
b Western Marsh Harrier (Circus
8sruginosus)
'White-backed Woodpecker (Dandrocopus
laucotos)
While-faced Ibis (Plagadis chih~
White-fronted Goo.. (Ansar albilrons)
While-headed Duck (Oxyura laucocaphala)
While Pekin (wild) (Anas platyrhychos)
'While-tailed Eagle (Haliasa/us albic/Ita)
White-throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia
albicollis)
Whooper Swan (Cygnus cygnus)
Whooping Crane (Grus americana)
American Wigeon (Anas americana)
Wild Turkey (Maleagris gallopavo)
Wood Duck (Aix sponsa)
. Woodcock (Sealopax minot)
Yellow-rumped Warbler (Dandroica
coronata)
Mammals
Bank vole (Clathrionomys glareolus)
b Domestic cattle (Bas taurus)
Gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinsnsis)
Humans (Homo sapiens)
Shrew (Sorex araneus)
While tailed deer (Odocollaus virg/nianus)
Reptiles
..b American alligator (Alligator
mississippiensis)
. Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus)
References
Franson el al. (1 995); Grand at al. (1998)
Kurosawa (2000)
Bellro.. (1959); Blus (1994)
Mudge (1983); DeFrancisco el al. (2003)
Trainer & Hunt (1965); Blus (1994)
Clark & Scheuhammer (2003); Martin el al.
(2008)
Jones (1939)
Pain & Amiard-Ttiquel (1993); Mateo at al.
(1999)
MOmer and Petersson 1999
Hall & Fisher (1985)
Bellrose (1959); Ochiai et al. (1993)
Mateo et al. (2001); Svanberg at aI. (2006)
Schwab & Padgett (1998)
Kurosawa (2000); Krone et aI. (2004)
Vyas et al. (2000)
Ochiai at al. (1992); Honda at al. (2007)
Hall & Fisher (1985)
Zwank et al. (1985); Mateo et al. (2000)
Stone & Butkas (1972); Kreager at al. (2007)
Bellro.. (1959); Sanderson & Bellro.. (1986)
Scheu hammer el al. (2003)
lewis el al. (2001)
Ma (1989)
Rice at aI. (1987)
Lewis at a1. (2001)
Engstad (1932); I.arsen and Blanton (2000)
Ma (1989)
Lewis el al. (2001)
Camus at al. (1998); Lance el al. (2006)
Hammerton et al. (2003); Otiic et al. (2003)
Location
Alaska, USA
Japan
North America
England; Spain
North America
North America
North America
France; Spain
Sweden
Texas, USA
North America; Japan
Spain
Virginia, USA
Japan; Greenland
North America
Japan
North America
Louisiana, USA; Spain
New York, USA; Canada
North America
Canada
Georgia, USA
The Nelherlands
Georgia, USA
The Netherlands
Georgia, USA
North America; Captive
North America; Australia
a Evidence of secondary poisoning from lead bullets.
b Evidence of secondary poisoning from lead shot.
C Source of lead unknown, lead ammunition suspected.
6
-IMPACTS OF LEAD AMMUNITION-
Impacts of lead shot at a population level are vari-
able. Butler et al. (2005) noted that 3% of pheasants
on shooting estates in Great Britain had lead in their
gizzards. Kreager et al. (2007) examined gizzards
from upland game birds harvested in Ontario, Can-
ada and found lead pellets ingested by 8% of the
Chukars (Alectoris chukar) and 34% of the pheas-
ants. They found that 13% of the livers from Chu-
kars, Common Pheasants (Phasianus colchicus),
Wild Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), and Hungarian
Partridge (Perdix perdix) had elevated lead concen-
trations. Ingestion rates may vary by species, feed-
ing behavior, and availability of lead shot in the
habitat.
Fisher et al. (2006) suggested that a lack of evi-
dence of poisooed species does not suggest a lack
of poisoning. Schulz et al. (2006a) found that
Mourning Doves (Zenaida macroura) may expel
lead shot pellets after ingesting them, indicating
incidence of lead exposure in wildlife may be
higher than reported. In a similar study, one in three
birds that expelled all shot exhibited measurable
effects of lead poisoning (Schulz et al. 2007). Die-
offs and evidence of lead poisoning may not be
apparent, because wildlife affected by lead
poisoning may seek isolation and protective cover
(Friend and Franson 1999). Furthermore, it is
unknown if mortality due to non-lethal effects such
as reproductive problems, lowered immunity,
anemia, and weakened muscles could be higher
than losses from direct lead poisoning (Michigan
Department of Natural Resources 2002).
Lead shot ingestion and toxicity problems for wild-
life have been documented worldwide. Table I
documents lead ingestion or secondary lead expo-
sure for wildlife species in more than 10 countries
and several continents. Tavecchia et al. (2001)
found lead pellets in the muscles and gizzards of
II % of the Mallards captured in France. Mateo et
al. (1998) found lead pellets in 87.5% of Common
Pochards (Aylhya ferina) and 33% of Mallards and
Northern Shovelers (Anas clypeata) in Spain.
Morner and Petersson (1999) found lead poisoning
in two woodpecker species in forested areas in
Sweden suggesting that the woodpeckers searching
for food removed lead pellets shot into trees.
Specles'affected byleBdamm~ltlon
~asserines~%
.Watelfovi1
38%
RaptD'"
:&-S~vergers' ,
24~'o -
Agure 1. Categories of species reported in the I~-
erature as ingesting lead shot, bullets, fragments, or
prey contaminated w~h lead ammun~ion, and spe-
cies w~h elevated lead levels in bone, tissue, or
blood from exposure to lead ammun~ion.
There is sufficient evidence that the problem of
lead poisoning in birds extends to upland birds and
raptors. Sixteen species of upland game birds, and
29 species of raptors were reported io the literature
as being affected by lead ammunition (Figure I).
Butler et al. (2005) reported lead exposure over a
number of years (1996-2002) for Common Pheas-
ants in Great Britain. Fisher et al. (2006) provided a
review of 59 (9 threatened) terrestrial bird species
that have been documented to have ingested lead or
suffered lead poisoning from ammunition sources.
Exposure of lead shot on some upland game birds
such as doves could rival the problem in waterfowl
(Kendall et al. 1996). Ingestion of lead by wildlife,
other than waterfowl and birds of prey, "appears to
be extensive" (Harradine 2004). Current use oflead
shot for small game hunting (such as pheasants)
potentially continues to deposit lead in wetlands
and expose waterfowl to lead shot.
Lead ammunition can secondarily poison wildlife
that feed on hunted species. Studies have linked the
likelihood of a species ingesting lead shot to feed-
ing habits, with scavengers and predators that take
game species being the most susceptible (Pain and
Amiard- Triquet 1993). In Spain, Mateo et al.
(2003) reported lead poisoning from exposure to
lead shot in prey species in eight upland raptor spe-
7
-TRANELAND KIMMEL-
cies. Clark and Scheuhammer (2003) examined
lead exposure in 184 dead raptors ( 16 species)
found across Canada. They determined that, of the
three most commonly encountered species, 3-4%
died as a result of lead poisoning. They concluded
that upland birds of prey and scavengers that eat
game birds and mammals are at risk for lead poi-
soning from ingestion of lead shot and bullet frag-
ments used in upland hunting. They suggested that
use of non-toxic ammunition for hunting upland
game would effectively remove the only serious
source of high lead exposure and lead poisoning for
upland-foraging raptors.
Knopper et al. (2006) reported that carcasses from
squirrel populations managed by shooting had lead
levels lethal to raptors and suggested either collec-
tion of carcasses shot with lead or the use of non-
toxic shot. Similar to the lead shot problems de-
scribed by Clark and Scheuhammer (2003), deer
carcasses containing lead fragments from bullets
impact California Condors (Gymnogyps cali/omi-
anus) (Cade 2007) and Bald Eagles (Franson 2007).
Hunt et al. (2006) examined the remains of 38 deer
killed with rifles and found that all deer killed with
lead-based bullets contained bullet fragments.
Mateo et al. (2003) analyzed bones from 229 birds
of prey in Spain (II species) and diagnosed lead
poisoning in 8 raptor species that feed on wildlife
targeted by hunters in upland habitats.
LEAD AMMUNITION IMPACTS
ON THE ENVIRONMENT
The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (1999)
estimated that 1,184,202 kg of lead shot were used
annually in Minnesota in hunting and shooting
ranges. In their legislative report on sources and
effects of lead, they state, "The fact that lead am-
munition is estimated to be the single largest source
of lead released to the environment qualifies it as a
concern that should be examined more closely."
De Francisco et al. (2003) estimated that lead shot
can take 100 to 300 years to disappear from a site,
allowing for concentration of large amounts of lead
in areas of heavy hunting pressure. Although the
breakdown is slow, lead shot pellets accumulating
in the environment are not inert and ultimately the
lead will be deposited as particles in soil and water
(Scheuhammer and Norris 1995). Mozafar et al.
(2002) found a high degree of bioavailability in
heavy metals (including lead) in soils at a shooting
range in Switzerland. Uptake of this lead by terres-
trial and aquatic plants and animals can occur, lead-
ing to elevated lead concentrations (Ma 1989,
Manninen and Tanskanen 1993, Rooney et al.
1999).
Guitart et aI. (2002) reported that a single lead shot
could raise 12,000 liters of water to the European
Union threshold guideline for lead in drinking wa-
ter. Surface water contamination by lead shot from
shooting ranges has been well documented
(Stansley et al. 1992, Dames and Moore Canada
1993, Emerson 1994, United States Environmental
Protection Agency 1994). Strait et al. (2007) found
that shooting ranges contained areas where lead oc-
curred at "concentrations significantly in excess of
the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality
criteria and therefore pose a potential risk to the
human users of the land as well as to the native
wildlife." While shooting ranges contain far more
spent shot than typical hunting areas, these studies
demonstrate the ability of lead to accumulate over
time and contaminate the surrounding environment
and wildlife. Areas with acidic waters or soils are at
particularly high risk for contamination from lead
shot, as lead is more easily mobilized at a lower pH
(Stansley et al. 1992).
Contamination of human and livestock food
sources due to lead shot deposition has also been
documented. Guitart et al. (2002) suggested that the
high lead content of rice produced in Spain was a
result of hunting with lead shot near rice fields.
Rice et al. (1987) reported lead poisoning of cattle
from ingestion of silage contaminated with lead
shot. In addition, milk production decreased and
stillbirths increased in cattle (Bas touros) ingesting
lead contaminated hay cut from a field used for clay
pigeon shooting (Frape and Pringle 1984).
IMPACTS OF LEAD AMMUNITION ON HUMANS
Lead poisoning in humans has occurred for at least
2,500 years (Eisler 1988). Today, it is widely
known that lead is toxic to humans and can cause
permanent learning disabilities, behavioral prob-
8
-IMPACTS OF LEAD AMMUNITION -
lems, and even death, Haldimann et al. (2002) con-
cluded that frequent consumption of wild game
meat had no significoot effect on blood lead levels.
However, studies in Canada, Greeniood, and Russia
have linked lead shot found in game animals to
higher levels of lead in people who eat those game
ooimals (Table 2). Levesque et al. (2003) stated,
"Lead shots may be a major source of lead expo-
sure to humoos that consume hunted game ani-
mals." This study found that lead shot was a source
of lead exposure in the Inuit population; blood lead
concentrations in 7% ofInuit newborns were higher
than government-recommended levels. Studies
linking game meat containing lead shot ood ele-
vated blood lead levels in children (Odlood et al.
1999, Smith ood Rea 1995) and newborns (De-
wailly et aI. 2000, Hanning et al. 2003) are of par-
ticular concern.
Breurec et al. (1998) diagnosed lead poisoning in
an adult patient who had frequently eaten game
birds containing lead shot. Professional medical lit-
erature contains mooy references of humoos carry-
ing lead shot in their digestive tracts (Engstad 1932,
Horton 1933, Hillmoo 1967, Reddy 1985, Madsen
et al. 1988, Spitale ood D'Olivo 1989, Moore 1994,
Tsuji ood Nieboer 1999, ood Larsen ood Blanton
2000). Lead from shot may accumulate in tissues of
game ooimals. In uplood game birds ood waterfowl
killed by hunters using lead shot, 40% of 123 livers
(Kreager et al. 2007) and 9% of 371 gizzard tissue
samples (Tsuji et aI. 1999) showed lead levels
greater thoo Health Cooada' s guidelines for fish.
In ooimals shot for human consumption, meat far
from the entry wound may contain lead. Scheu-
hammer et al. (1998) found fragments of lead in
game birds far from wounds from shotgun pellets.
Hunt et al. (2006) found lead fragments in meat 15
em away from rifle bullet wounds in game animals.
Lead fragments, likely from bullets, were found in
ground venison in North Dakota ood Minnesota.
This prompted North Dakota Health, Game and
Fish, ood Agriculture Departments to advise food
pantries not to distribute or use donated ground
venison because of the potential for lead contami-
nation (North Dakota Department of Health 2008).
Minnesota Department of Agriculture found lead
fragments in 76 of 299 tested samples of ground
venison donated to food shelves, prompting dis-
posal of all remaining donated venison (Minnesota
Departmeot of Agriculture 2008).
Tsuji et al. (1999) reported that, "People who
consume any game species harvested with lead shot
risk exposure to this metal by way of ingestion of
tissue-embedded lead pellets ood fragments." With
alternatives to lead shot readily available (Sooborn
2002), humoo exposure to lead through game meat
is unnecessary (Rodrigue et al. 2005). Levesque et
al. (2003) showed significoot decreases in lead con-
centrations in umbilical cord blood after a public
health intervention to reduce the use of lead shot by
the Inuit population.
NON-TOXIC AMMUNITION
Substituting non-toxic shot for lead shot could re-
duce lead shot impacts on the health of wildlife, the
environment, ood humoo health. Alternatives to
lead shot were not readily available in the past, es-
pecially prior to the 1991 federal boo on lead shot
for waterfowl hunting in the United States. How-
ever, other types of shot, particularly steel shot, are
now available at a cost comparable to lead shot
ammunition (Sooborn 2002). Non-toxic shot is now
also available for safe use in vintage and older
shotguns (Cabela's 2008). Scheuhammer and Nor-
ris (1995) found that, while non-toxic alternatives
to lead shot are more expensive thoo lead, they rep-
resent only a 1-2% increase in the average hunter's
yearly expenses. There are currently I I types of
shot approved as non-toxic by the US Fish ood
Wildlife Service (US Fish and Wildlife Service
2006). Studies have demonstrated the effectiveness
of steel shot. For example, Schulz et al. (2006b)
evaluated crippling rates in waterfowl prior to ood
following implementatioo of non-toxic shot regula-
tions in the US. They found that, after a five-year
phase-in period, crippling rates for ducks ood geese
were lower after non-toxic shot restrictions were
implemented.
Despite numerous reports of negative impacts of
lead shot on wildlife worldwide, restrictions on
the use of lead shot have been minimal (Thomas
1997). Interest in non-toxic shot regulations has
resulted in discussions on restricting lead ammuni-
tion ood some legislation on different continents.
Denmark ood the Netherloods have banned all uses
9
- TRANEL AND KIMMEL-
Table 2. Selected Iileralure regarding elevaled lead levels in humans consuming game meal harvesled wilh
lead shot.
Author Counlry
Bjerregaard et al. (2004) Greenland
Breur8C el al. (1998) Nol reported
Dewaily et al. (2000) Arctic
Canada
Dewailly et al. (2001) Quebec,
Canada
Guilart et al..(2002) Spain
Hanning et al. (2003) Canada
Johansen et al. (2001) Ontario,
Canada
Johansen et al. (2004) Greenland
Johansen et al. (2006) Greenland
Levesque et al. (2003) Quebec,
Canada
Mateo et al. (2007) Spain
Odland etal. (1999) Russia
Smtth and Rea (1995) Canada
Trebel and Thompson Canada
(2002)
Tsuji et al. (1999) Ontario,
Canada
Findings
Blood lead adjusted for age and sex was found to be associated with the re~
ported consumption of sea birds.
Patient diagnosed with adult lead poisoning by ingestion of game birds with
small lead shots.
Ingestion of lead shotlfragments in game meat may be responsible for higher
lead levels found in Inuit newborns. lead isotopes of shotgun cartridges were
similar to those of Inuit newborns.
Evaluated 492 blood levels of lead and mercury in Inuit adults, revealed that
smoking, age. and consumption of waterfowl were associated with lead con-
centrations (r' = 0.30, P <0.001).
Approximately 30,000 waterfowl hunters and their families, especially chil-
dren, are at risk of secondary lead poisoning from lead poisoned birds in
Spain.
Traditional animal food intake, especially wild fowl, correlated significantly
wtth umbilical cord blood lead, and reflected the legacy of using lead.
containing ammunition.
Breast meat lead values in birds killed with lead shot were 10 times higher
than birds not killed with lead shot. Shot is a significant source 01 lead in many
people in Greenland.
Lead intake of Greenland bird eaters can largely exceed the tolerable lead
intake guidelines, and the shot is a more important source of lead than previ-
ously estimated.
Found clear relationship pointing to lead shot as the dominating lead source
to people in Greenland.
Lead from game hunting was a major source of human exposure to lead.
Calls for international ban on lead shotgun ammo.
Consumption of half a pickled quaillweek with embedded shot may cause the
provisional tolerable weekly intake of lead by the Spanish consumer to be
exceeded.
Suggests lead shot as the main source of lead in population in the Kola Pen.
insula, Russia.
Elevated lead blood levels in children probably due to consumption of birds
containing lead shot, suggest use of alternative shot.
Young child exhibited elevated blood lead levels after ingesting spent air rifle
pellets.
Consumption of any game species harvested with lead shot risks exposure by
way of ingestion of tissue-embedded lead pellets and fragments.
10
-IMPACTS OF lEAD AMMUNITION-
of lead shot (Thomas 1997). Broad regulatory ac-
tion to restrict lead shot across Europe has been
discussed by various cross-continental groups, such
as the European Council, lbe Bonn and Bern Con-
servations, and by lbe European Union (Thomas
and Owen 1996). In Australia, lead shot restrictions
vary by state from a total ban, to restrictions for wa-
terfowl hunting similar to lbose in lbe USA, or sug-
gesting non-toxic alternatives and leaving lbe
choice of shot up to lbe hunters (Green 2004).
The most significant non-toxic shot regulation in
lbe USA was lbe federal ban on the use of lead shot
for hunting waterfowl in 1991. This ban has been
demonstrated to have a positive impact on wildlife.
For example, Anderson et al. (2000) attributed an
estimated 64% reduction in mortality from lead
poisoning to lbe switch to non-toxic shot. They es-
timated lbat 1.4 million ducks in the 1997 fall con-
tinental flight of 90 million were spared from fatal
lead poisoning due to lbe ban on lead shot. Steven-
son et al. (2005) found lbat lead concentrations in
lbe bones of two species of ducks decreased after
lbe ban, but in comparison, lbey noted that bone
lead concentrations showed no change for Ameri-
can Woodcock (Scolopax minor), a migratory up-
land species not impacted by lbe lead shot ban for
waterfowl hunting.
Some small game hunters have already begun to
switch to non-toxic shot. In Minnesota, a recent
survey, conducted by Schroeder et al. (2008) found
lbat 40% of pheasant hunters reported they are cur-
rently using non-toxic shot voluntari1y. Case et al.
(2006) surveyed USA states and Canadian prov-
inces regarding non-toxic shot regulations and
found that 45% of surveyed states and provinces
have non-toxic shot regulations beyond federal wa-
terfowl regulations. Nine states and provinces lbat
have non-toxic shot regulations were discussing
additional regulations.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We lbank Bill Penning for reviewing lbe manu-
script and contributing information. We thank Jo
Ann Musumeci for acquiring articles, and Bill
Healy (US Forest Service, retired), Steve Hennes
(Minnesota Pollution Control Agency), John Schulz
(Missouri Department of Conservation), and Erik
Zabel (Minnesota Department of Health) for re-
views of this manuscript. Also, Lindsey Aipper-
spach, Tom Conroy, Kalby DonCarlos, Mike Don-
Carlos, Kurt Haroldson, Tanya Klinkner, Jeff
Lawrence, and Dennis Simon from Minnesota De-
partment of Natural Resources provided reviews.
Roxanne Franke and Dan Smedberg (Student In-
terns from Minnesota State University-Mankato)
developed a lead shot literature review and summa-
ries used in this manuscript.
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ANDERSON, W. L., AND S. P. HAVERA. 1989. Lead
poisoning in Illinois waterfowl (1977-1988)
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ARTMANN, J. W., AND E. M. MARTIN. 1975. Inci-
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BAlTAGLLA, A., S. GHIDINI, G. CAMPANINI, AND R.
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lead shot in wetland sediments and ingested by
wild ducks in coastal Queensland. The Sunbird
28:21-25.
BELLROSE, F. C. 1959. Lead poisoning as a mortal-
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BENGTSON, F. L. 1984. Studies of lead toxicity in
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Minneapolis, Minnesota.
BEST, T. L., T. E. GARRISON, AND C. G. SCHMlDT.
1992. Ingestion of lead pellets by Scaled Quail
(Callieppla squamata) and Northern Bobwhite
(Colinus virginianus) in southeastern New Mex-
ico. Texas Journal of Science 44:99-107.
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